Purpose: Osteoporosis is a global health disease. Increasing life span will add to the burden of osteoporosis, especially in postmenopausal women. The lifetime risk of osteoporotic fractures is 30% to 40%. Fractures p...Purpose: Osteoporosis is a global health disease. Increasing life span will add to the burden of osteoporosis, especially in postmenopausal women. The lifetime risk of osteoporotic fractures is 30% to 40%. Fractures pose an extensive burden on healthcare resources. Therefore, early diagnosis of osteoporosis is necessary. Methods: In this review, we provide a comprehensive approach to the current epidemiology, diagnosis aspects, treatments and fracture management in relation to the osteoporosis. Results: In assessing osteoporotic patients, good medical history with identification of clinical risk factors should be done. Along with basic blood investigations, bone mineral density, vertebral imaging, and bone turnover markers can aid the accurate diagnosis of bone loss. Modification of risk factors and dietary interventions are the first step in managing osteoporosis. Multiple options can be tailored to the individual needs in the treatment of osteoporosis. The frequency and duration for which the treatment is continued depend on the individual response to treatment. For fractures, surgical management is necessary whereas pharmacological interventions are needed to prevent further fractures. As osteoporosis often goes unrecognized until one or more fractures occur, it is important to understand the impact of osteoporosis. Conclusion: Osteoporosis remains a significant health problem globally that needs immediate attention to improve bone quality and prevent fractures associated with it optimally.展开更多
BACKGROUND It is increasingly common to find patients affected by a combination of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)and coronary artery disease(CAD),and studies are able to correlate their relationships with available bi...BACKGROUND It is increasingly common to find patients affected by a combination of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)and coronary artery disease(CAD),and studies are able to correlate their relationships with available biological and clinical evidence.The aim of the current study was to apply association rule mining(ARM)to discover whether there are consistent patterns of clinical features relevant to these diseases.ARM leverages clinical and laboratory data to the meaningful patterns for diabetic CAD by harnessing the power help of data-driven algorithms to optimise the decision-making in patient care.AIM To reinforce the evidence of the T2DM-CAD interplay and demonstrate the ability of ARM to provide new insights into multivariate pattern discovery.METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Biochemistry in a specialized tertiary care centre in Delhi,involving a total of 300 consented subjects categorized into three groups:CAD with diabetes,CAD without diabetes,and healthy controls,with 100 subjects in each group.The participants were enrolled from the Cardiology IPD&OPD for the sample collection.The study employed ARM technique to extract the meaningful patterns and relationships from the clinical data with its original value.RESULTS The clinical dataset comprised 35 attributes from enrolled subjects.The analysis produced rules with a maximum branching factor of 4 and a rule length of 5,necessitating a 1%probability increase for enhancement.Prominent patterns emerged,highlighting strong links between health indicators and diabetes likelihood,particularly elevated HbA1C and random blood sugar levels.The ARM technique identified individuals with a random blood sugar level>175 and HbA1C>6.6 are likely in the“CAD-with-diabetes”group,offering valuable insights into health indicators and influencing factors on disease outcomes.CONCLUSION The application of this method holds promise for healthcare practitioners to offer valuable insights for enhancing patient treatment targeting specific sub展开更多
12-Tungstophosphoric heteropoly acid(TPA) with a Keggin structure was introduced into Al-incorporated mesoporous molecular sieves(AlSBA-15) by the incipient wetness method.The materials were characterized by X-ray dif...12-Tungstophosphoric heteropoly acid(TPA) with a Keggin structure was introduced into Al-incorporated mesoporous molecular sieves(AlSBA-15) by the incipient wetness method.The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction,nitrogen adsorption,scanning electron microscopy,UV-Vis diffuse reflectance and Raman spectroscopy,which confirmed the Keggin and mesopore structure.Its catalytic activity was evaluated under solvent-free conditions in the liquid phase at 333-383 K for the propionylation of anisole with propionic anhydride.The catalysts used were AlSBA-15,10%,20%,and 40% TPA/AlSBA-15,and 20% TPA/MCM-48.In the propionylation of anisole with propionic anhydride,the substitution occurred predominantly at the para position.The 20% TPA/AlSBA-15 catalyst gave a total product yield of 48% with 98% selectivity towards 4-methoxypropiophenone.The regenerability of the catalyst was also studied and was found to be excellent.展开更多
In this study, we evaluated the anti-cancer property of five bark extracts and the isolates from chloroform and ethyl acetate of Annickia chlorantha by the tetrazolium salt method (MTT method). The anti-cancer activit...In this study, we evaluated the anti-cancer property of five bark extracts and the isolates from chloroform and ethyl acetate of Annickia chlorantha by the tetrazolium salt method (MTT method). The anti-cancer activity was performed on human prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 and hormone-dependent breast cancer cell lines MCF-7. Results indicated that the two isolates displayed interesting cytotoxicity towards MCF-7 cell lines with CC<sub>50</sub> of 3.84 CC<sub>50</sub>/mL and 4.87 CC<sub>50</sub>/mL for chloroform and ethyl acetate respectively;while the total bark extracts showed CC<sub>50</sub> of 24.33 CC<sub>50</sub>/mL, 36.49 CC<sub>50</sub>/ mL and 73.52 CC<sub>50</sub>/mL for chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts respectively. By the other hand on PC-3, the CC<sub>50</sub> of the isolates were higher than the one on MCF-7, more than 10 CC<sub>50</sub>/mL for both chloroform and ethyl acetate isolates and 49.14 CC<sub>50</sub>/mL, 77.33 CC<sub>50</sub>/mL, 89.38 CC<sub>50</sub>/mL and 92.37 CC<sub>50</sub>/mL, respectively for chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol soluble extracts. From this study, we identified that the two isolates had anti-cancer properties against MCF-7 cell lines.展开更多
The study was undertaken to evaluate the comparative efficacy of hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves of Tagetes erecta (T. erecta) and aerial parts of Centella asiatica (C. asiatica) on Excision, Incision and Dead space...The study was undertaken to evaluate the comparative efficacy of hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves of Tagetes erecta (T. erecta) and aerial parts of Centella asiatica (C. asiatica) on Excision, Incision and Dead space wound models in albino rats. Extract of T. erecta and C. asiatica (P T. erecta extract (250 and 500 mg/kg) showed significantly increased the wound breaking strength in incision wound model and wet and dry granulation tissue weights, breaking strength in a dead space wound model compare to control and C. asiatica treated group (P T. erecta extract showed potent wound healing activity then the reported C. asiatica in different wound parameters.展开更多
BACKGROUND The introduction of modern diagnostic tools has transformed the field of maxillofacial radiology.Odontogenic infection and fascial space involvement have been evaluated with many diagnostic tools,including ...BACKGROUND The introduction of modern diagnostic tools has transformed the field of maxillofacial radiology.Odontogenic infection and fascial space involvement have been evaluated with many diagnostic tools,including ultrasonography(USG)and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).AIM To explore USG as an alternative model to MRI in the detection of fascial space spread of odontogenic infections.METHODS Among 20 patients,50 fascial spaces were clinically diagnosed with odontogenic infection and included in this prospective study.Fascial space infection involvement was examined by USG and MRI.Results were compared for both and confirmed by microbiological testing.RESULTS Ultrasonography identified 42(84%)of 50 involved fascial spaces.Whereas MRI identified all 50(100%).USG could stage the infections from edematous change to cellulitis to complete abscess formation.CONCLUSION MRI was superior in recognizing deep fascial space infections compared to USG.However, USG is a significant addition and has a definite role in prognosticatingthe stage of infection and exact anatomic location in superficial space infections.展开更多
In December of 2019,several cases of atypical pneumonia caused by an unknown agent were reported in Wuhan,the capital city of Hubei Province in China.In early January 2020,it was announced that these cases were caused...In December of 2019,several cases of atypical pneumonia caused by an unknown agent were reported in Wuhan,the capital city of Hubei Province in China.In early January 2020,it was announced that these cases were caused by a novel coronavirus.The virus was later named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),which causes a disease associated with atypical pneumonia termed Corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19).Several respiratory viruses,including coronaviruses and influenza viruses tend to have prominent peaks of infection during colder seasons,especially in temperate regions.The cold temperatures,along with accompanying dry conditions can drive respiratory tract infections by assisting with viral transmission,weakening the human immune system,and increasing viral molecular stability.Though the topic of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and warm weather has been associated with misinformation campaigns,it is worth investigating since an informative answer may give an indication of the future behavior of SARS-CoV-2.展开更多
BACKGROUND Atraumatic restorative treatment(ART)may be appropriate for populations without accessibility and affordability.More data are required regarding the success rate of ART in anterior teeth.AIM To evaluate the...BACKGROUND Atraumatic restorative treatment(ART)may be appropriate for populations without accessibility and affordability.More data are required regarding the success rate of ART in anterior teeth.AIM To evaluate the clinical performance of restoring class III cavities in anterior teeth of permanent dentition using the ART approach.METHODS A longitudinal interventional field study was carried out at two rural primary health centers,Tumkur district,India.A total of 54 teeth in 39 patients were evaluated for the survival rate of class III restorations in permanent anterior teeth using the ART approach in children and adult populations.Evaluation of ART restoration was carried out using Frencken J criteria,the mean procedure time,patient acceptance and reported pain severity during the ART approach were evaluated using a visual analog scale.Calculation of the cost of ART was also performed.RESULTS The mean time taken to perform the ART procedure was 14.79±5.8 min with the majority of patients reporting only mild pain.At 6 mo follow-up,72.2%remained in a good state,but this reduced to 27%at 12 mo.The cumulative survival rate of the restorations was 94.4%at 6 mo and 80.9%at 12 mo follow-up.Estimation of the direct cost for a single class III restoration was 186.50 INR(2.64 USD).CONCLUSION ART may be a good comprehensive option for basic oral health care for underserved or inaccessible populations,and preventive care for patients.展开更多
Disrupted morphogenesis and growth of the embryonic maxillary jaw lead to oral facial clefting in humans (OFC) and result in an incompletely formed secondary mouth and face. A requirement for Wnt signaling and Wnt9b i...Disrupted morphogenesis and growth of the embryonic maxillary jaw lead to oral facial clefting in humans (OFC) and result in an incompletely formed secondary mouth and face. A requirement for Wnt signaling and Wnt9b in particular are postulated in the etiology of OFC from association studies in humans and from animal models. Loss of murine Wnt9b leads to reduced upper jaw (maxillary) outgrowth and OFC, though the signaling architecture leading to this phenotype is poorly understood. Previous murine Wnt9b studies largely overlooked cranial neural crest cell (CNCC) patterning events and instead focused on later events during fusion of facial prominences. Using zebrafish and a morpholino-mediated knockdown approach, we demonstrate functional requirements for Wnt9b signaling during two crucial stages of facial development: 1) CNCC patterning into Dorsal-Intermediate-Ventral (D-I-V) domains;and 2) facial outgrowth during the primary to secondary mouth transition (PM to SM). Zebrafish embryos deficient for Wnt9b (Wnt9b morphants) exhibit an open bite with fused jaw joints as well as a flat face. Open bite and jaw joint fusion in Wnt9b morphants phenocopies characteristics of edn1 pathway is mutant zebrafish with disrupted D-I-V patterning of CNCC. Expression studies show Wnt9b morphants exhibit perturbed expression of edn1 signaling targets including dlx2a, jag1b, and msxe, consistent with disrupted CNCC patterning. Wnt9b morphant upper jaws have stunted outgrowth reminiscent of murine Wnt9b mutants and Wnt9b morphant skulls phenocopy the broad class of foreshortened skull zebrafish mutants known as hammerheads. Wnt9b morphants show upregulated expression of pitx2a after the opening of the primary mouth and disrupted expression of Wnt5b which is consistent with disrupted chondrocyte stacking. Strong upregulation of dorsal mesodermal frzb expression in the prechordal plate of Wnt9b morphants suggests a role for Wnt9b in primary mouth induction or maintenance. Collectively these results argue that Wnt9b has a much earlie展开更多
Phylogenomic datasets continue to enhance our understanding of evolutionary relationships in many lineages of organisms.However,genome-scale data have not been widely implemented in reconstructing relationships in lic...Phylogenomic datasets continue to enhance our understanding of evolutionary relationships in many lineages of organisms.However,genome-scale data have not been widely implemented in reconstructing relationships in lichenized fungi.Here we generate a data set comprised of 2556 single-copy protein-coding genes to reconstruct previously unresolved rela-tionships in the most diverse family of lichen-forming fungi,Parmeliaceae.Our sampling included 51 taxa,mainly from the subfamily Parmelioideae,and represented six of the seven previously identified major clades within the family.Our results provided strong support for the monophyly of each of these major clades and most backbone relationships in the topology were recovered with high nodal support based on concatenated dataset and species tree analyses.The alectorioid clade was strongly supported as sister-group to all remaining clades,which were divided into two major sister-groups.In the first major clade the anzioid and usneoid clades formed a strongly supported sister-group relationship with the cetrarioid?hypogymnioid group.The sister-group relationship of Evernia with the cetrarioid clade was also strongly supported,whereas that between the anzioid and usneoid clades needs further investigation.In the second major clade Oropogon and Platismatia were sister to the parmelioid group,while the position of Omphalora was not fully resolved.This study demonstrates the power of genome-scale data sets to resolve long-standing,ambiguous phylogenetic rela-tionships of lichen-forming fungi.Furthermore,the topology inferred in this study will provide a valuable framework for better understanding diversification in the most diverse lineage of lichen-forming fungi,Parmeliaceae.展开更多
The use of clay minerals in the synthesis of nanosized noble metal particles to give increased catalytic activity was investigated. Nanosized platinum and ruthenium catalysts intercalated in clay (montmorillonite/hect...The use of clay minerals in the synthesis of nanosized noble metal particles to give increased catalytic activity was investigated. Nanosized platinum and ruthenium catalysts intercalated in clay (montmorillonite/hectorite) were synthesised and their catalytic activity was evaluated for the selective hydrogenation of three different α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, namely, crotonaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, and citral, in a gas phase microreactor. The metal nano-sol was prepared by the chemical reduction of its precursor by the micellar technique in the presence of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), and the micelle stabilized metal particles were intercalated in the clay mineral by ion exchange. TEM micrographs of the catalyst particles showed that the metal particles were in the nanometre range. The average diameters of the particles were 1-25 nm. The effects of temperature, metal loading, and hydrogen flow rate on the catalytic activity and selectivity for α,β- unsaturated alcohol were studied. The results were correlated with the structural properties of the catalysts. The products formed in each reaction over the different catalysts showed that the catalysts were very active for hydrogenation, and the selectivity for the desired product, namely, α,β-unsaturated alcohol, was good. The metal catalysts intercalated in montmorillonite showed better selectivity than that in hectorite because of its higher acidity. Increased selectivity for α,β-unsaturated alcohol was observed with increased flow rate of hydrogen.展开更多
Abstract The phylogenetic relationship of lecanoroid lichens is studied using two data sets:1)a 2-locus data set including 251 OTUs representing 150 species,and 2)a 6-locus data set with 82 OTUs representing 53 specie...Abstract The phylogenetic relationship of lecanoroid lichens is studied using two data sets:1)a 2-locus data set including 251 OTUs representing 150 species,and 2)a 6-locus data set with 82 OTUs representing 53 species.The genus Lecanora as currently circumscribed is shown to be highly polyphyletic and several genera,including Adelolecia,Arctopeltis,Bryonora,Carbonea,Frutidella,Lecidella,Miriquidica,Palicella,Protoparmeliopsis,Pyrrhospora,and Rhizoplaca are nested within Lecanora sensu lato.A core group of Lecanora is supported as monophyletic and includes species of the L.carpinea,L.rupicola,and L.subcarnea groups,and a core group of the L.subfusca group.Three monophyletic clades that are well supported in our analyses and well characterized by phenotypical characters are accepted here:1)Myriolecis to accommodate the Lecanora dispersa group and Arctopeltis;2)Protoparmeliopsis for the L.muralis group;and 3)Rhizoplaca is emended to include three placodioid taxa previously classified in Lecanora(L.novomexicana.L.opiniconensis,L.phaedrophthalma),whereas R.aspidophora and R.peltata are excluded from Rhizoplaca.The latter is transferred into Protoparmeliopsis.Lecidella is strongly supported as a monophyletic group.Our studies indicate the presence of additional clades of species currently placed in Lecanora sensu lato that warrant taxonomic recognition but additional data will be necessary before the circumscription of these entities is fully understood.37 new combinations are proposed into the genera Myriolecis(30),Protoparmeliopsis(2),and Rhizoplaca(5).展开更多
Although classification at supra-specific ranks is inherently arbitrary,comparable taxonomic ranks within clades can facilitate more consistent classifications and objective comparisons among taxa.Different circumscri...Although classification at supra-specific ranks is inherently arbitrary,comparable taxonomic ranks within clades can facilitate more consistent classifications and objective comparisons among taxa.Different circumscriptions of the hyper-diverse lichen-forming fungal family Parmeliaceae and widely different generic circumscriptions among authors have been proposed.For this study,we use a recently developed temporal approach that uses timecalibrated chronograms to identify temporal bands for specific ranks in Parmeliaceae and allied groups with the overarching goal of establishing a consistent,stable classification.A data set of 330 species,representing 73 genera in the family and 52 species of related families was used to address the circumscription of Parmeliaceae and its genera following the proposed temporal approach.Based on the results of this study,we propose a revised,temporal-based classification for Parmeliaceae,including all clades that share a common ancestor 102.13–112.88 Ma for families and a time window of 29.45–32.55 Ma for genera.Fortyfive of the currently accepted genera in Parmeliaceae were supported in their current circumscription.Two subfamilies are accepted within Parmeliaceae:Protoparmelioideae Divakar et al.subfam.nov.,including Protoparmelia and the resurrected genus Maronina,and Parmelioideae,including the bulk of genera in the family.The new genus Austromelanelixia Divakar et al.is proposed to accommodate a clade of southern Hemisphere species previously included in Melanelixia.Eumitria and tentatively Dolichousnea are resurrected as genera separate from Usnea.The following genera are reduced to synonymy:Allocetraria,Cetrariella,Usnocetraria,and Vulpicida with Cetraria;Arctocetraria,Cetreliopsis,Flavocetraria,Kaernefeltia,Masonhalea,Tuckermanella,and Tuckermannopsis with Nephromopsis;and the lichenicolous genera Nesolechia and Raesaenenia with the lichen-forming genera Punctelia and Protousnea,respectively.A total of 47 new combinations and three new names at the species level are pr展开更多
We report the results of a comparative study of Fourier domain analysis(FDA)and texture analysis(TA)of optical coherence tomography(OCT)images of resected human breast tissues for binary classification between normal...We report the results of a comparative study of Fourier domain analysis(FDA)and texture analysis(TA)of optical coherence tomography(OCT)images of resected human breast tissues for binary classification between normalabnormal classes and benignmalignant classes.With the incorporation of Fisher linear discriminant analysis(FLDA)in TA for feature extraction,the TA-based algorithm provided improved diagnostic performance as compared to the FDAbased algorithm in discriminating OCT images corresponding to breast tissues with three different pathologies.The specificity and sensitivity values obtained for normalabnormal classification were both 100%,whereas they were 90% and 85%,respectively for benignmalignant classification.展开更多
文摘Purpose: Osteoporosis is a global health disease. Increasing life span will add to the burden of osteoporosis, especially in postmenopausal women. The lifetime risk of osteoporotic fractures is 30% to 40%. Fractures pose an extensive burden on healthcare resources. Therefore, early diagnosis of osteoporosis is necessary. Methods: In this review, we provide a comprehensive approach to the current epidemiology, diagnosis aspects, treatments and fracture management in relation to the osteoporosis. Results: In assessing osteoporotic patients, good medical history with identification of clinical risk factors should be done. Along with basic blood investigations, bone mineral density, vertebral imaging, and bone turnover markers can aid the accurate diagnosis of bone loss. Modification of risk factors and dietary interventions are the first step in managing osteoporosis. Multiple options can be tailored to the individual needs in the treatment of osteoporosis. The frequency and duration for which the treatment is continued depend on the individual response to treatment. For fractures, surgical management is necessary whereas pharmacological interventions are needed to prevent further fractures. As osteoporosis often goes unrecognized until one or more fractures occur, it is important to understand the impact of osteoporosis. Conclusion: Osteoporosis remains a significant health problem globally that needs immediate attention to improve bone quality and prevent fractures associated with it optimally.
文摘BACKGROUND It is increasingly common to find patients affected by a combination of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)and coronary artery disease(CAD),and studies are able to correlate their relationships with available biological and clinical evidence.The aim of the current study was to apply association rule mining(ARM)to discover whether there are consistent patterns of clinical features relevant to these diseases.ARM leverages clinical and laboratory data to the meaningful patterns for diabetic CAD by harnessing the power help of data-driven algorithms to optimise the decision-making in patient care.AIM To reinforce the evidence of the T2DM-CAD interplay and demonstrate the ability of ARM to provide new insights into multivariate pattern discovery.METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Biochemistry in a specialized tertiary care centre in Delhi,involving a total of 300 consented subjects categorized into three groups:CAD with diabetes,CAD without diabetes,and healthy controls,with 100 subjects in each group.The participants were enrolled from the Cardiology IPD&OPD for the sample collection.The study employed ARM technique to extract the meaningful patterns and relationships from the clinical data with its original value.RESULTS The clinical dataset comprised 35 attributes from enrolled subjects.The analysis produced rules with a maximum branching factor of 4 and a rule length of 5,necessitating a 1%probability increase for enhancement.Prominent patterns emerged,highlighting strong links between health indicators and diabetes likelihood,particularly elevated HbA1C and random blood sugar levels.The ARM technique identified individuals with a random blood sugar level>175 and HbA1C>6.6 are likely in the“CAD-with-diabetes”group,offering valuable insights into health indicators and influencing factors on disease outcomes.CONCLUSION The application of this method holds promise for healthcare practitioners to offer valuable insights for enhancing patient treatment targeting specific sub
文摘12-Tungstophosphoric heteropoly acid(TPA) with a Keggin structure was introduced into Al-incorporated mesoporous molecular sieves(AlSBA-15) by the incipient wetness method.The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction,nitrogen adsorption,scanning electron microscopy,UV-Vis diffuse reflectance and Raman spectroscopy,which confirmed the Keggin and mesopore structure.Its catalytic activity was evaluated under solvent-free conditions in the liquid phase at 333-383 K for the propionylation of anisole with propionic anhydride.The catalysts used were AlSBA-15,10%,20%,and 40% TPA/AlSBA-15,and 20% TPA/MCM-48.In the propionylation of anisole with propionic anhydride,the substitution occurred predominantly at the para position.The 20% TPA/AlSBA-15 catalyst gave a total product yield of 48% with 98% selectivity towards 4-methoxypropiophenone.The regenerability of the catalyst was also studied and was found to be excellent.
文摘In this study, we evaluated the anti-cancer property of five bark extracts and the isolates from chloroform and ethyl acetate of Annickia chlorantha by the tetrazolium salt method (MTT method). The anti-cancer activity was performed on human prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 and hormone-dependent breast cancer cell lines MCF-7. Results indicated that the two isolates displayed interesting cytotoxicity towards MCF-7 cell lines with CC<sub>50</sub> of 3.84 CC<sub>50</sub>/mL and 4.87 CC<sub>50</sub>/mL for chloroform and ethyl acetate respectively;while the total bark extracts showed CC<sub>50</sub> of 24.33 CC<sub>50</sub>/mL, 36.49 CC<sub>50</sub>/ mL and 73.52 CC<sub>50</sub>/mL for chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts respectively. By the other hand on PC-3, the CC<sub>50</sub> of the isolates were higher than the one on MCF-7, more than 10 CC<sub>50</sub>/mL for both chloroform and ethyl acetate isolates and 49.14 CC<sub>50</sub>/mL, 77.33 CC<sub>50</sub>/mL, 89.38 CC<sub>50</sub>/mL and 92.37 CC<sub>50</sub>/mL, respectively for chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol soluble extracts. From this study, we identified that the two isolates had anti-cancer properties against MCF-7 cell lines.
文摘The study was undertaken to evaluate the comparative efficacy of hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves of Tagetes erecta (T. erecta) and aerial parts of Centella asiatica (C. asiatica) on Excision, Incision and Dead space wound models in albino rats. Extract of T. erecta and C. asiatica (P T. erecta extract (250 and 500 mg/kg) showed significantly increased the wound breaking strength in incision wound model and wet and dry granulation tissue weights, breaking strength in a dead space wound model compare to control and C. asiatica treated group (P T. erecta extract showed potent wound healing activity then the reported C. asiatica in different wound parameters.
基金King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia,No.RSP-2020/31.
文摘BACKGROUND The introduction of modern diagnostic tools has transformed the field of maxillofacial radiology.Odontogenic infection and fascial space involvement have been evaluated with many diagnostic tools,including ultrasonography(USG)and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).AIM To explore USG as an alternative model to MRI in the detection of fascial space spread of odontogenic infections.METHODS Among 20 patients,50 fascial spaces were clinically diagnosed with odontogenic infection and included in this prospective study.Fascial space infection involvement was examined by USG and MRI.Results were compared for both and confirmed by microbiological testing.RESULTS Ultrasonography identified 42(84%)of 50 involved fascial spaces.Whereas MRI identified all 50(100%).USG could stage the infections from edematous change to cellulitis to complete abscess formation.CONCLUSION MRI was superior in recognizing deep fascial space infections compared to USG.However, USG is a significant addition and has a definite role in prognosticatingthe stage of infection and exact anatomic location in superficial space infections.
文摘In December of 2019,several cases of atypical pneumonia caused by an unknown agent were reported in Wuhan,the capital city of Hubei Province in China.In early January 2020,it was announced that these cases were caused by a novel coronavirus.The virus was later named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),which causes a disease associated with atypical pneumonia termed Corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19).Several respiratory viruses,including coronaviruses and influenza viruses tend to have prominent peaks of infection during colder seasons,especially in temperate regions.The cold temperatures,along with accompanying dry conditions can drive respiratory tract infections by assisting with viral transmission,weakening the human immune system,and increasing viral molecular stability.Though the topic of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and warm weather has been associated with misinformation campaigns,it is worth investigating since an informative answer may give an indication of the future behavior of SARS-CoV-2.
基金Supported by the deanship of Scientific Research,King Saud University for funding through Vice Deanship of Scientific Research Chairs.
文摘BACKGROUND Atraumatic restorative treatment(ART)may be appropriate for populations without accessibility and affordability.More data are required regarding the success rate of ART in anterior teeth.AIM To evaluate the clinical performance of restoring class III cavities in anterior teeth of permanent dentition using the ART approach.METHODS A longitudinal interventional field study was carried out at two rural primary health centers,Tumkur district,India.A total of 54 teeth in 39 patients were evaluated for the survival rate of class III restorations in permanent anterior teeth using the ART approach in children and adult populations.Evaluation of ART restoration was carried out using Frencken J criteria,the mean procedure time,patient acceptance and reported pain severity during the ART approach were evaluated using a visual analog scale.Calculation of the cost of ART was also performed.RESULTS The mean time taken to perform the ART procedure was 14.79±5.8 min with the majority of patients reporting only mild pain.At 6 mo follow-up,72.2%remained in a good state,but this reduced to 27%at 12 mo.The cumulative survival rate of the restorations was 94.4%at 6 mo and 80.9%at 12 mo follow-up.Estimation of the direct cost for a single class III restoration was 186.50 INR(2.64 USD).CONCLUSION ART may be a good comprehensive option for basic oral health care for underserved or inaccessible populations,and preventive care for patients.
文摘Disrupted morphogenesis and growth of the embryonic maxillary jaw lead to oral facial clefting in humans (OFC) and result in an incompletely formed secondary mouth and face. A requirement for Wnt signaling and Wnt9b in particular are postulated in the etiology of OFC from association studies in humans and from animal models. Loss of murine Wnt9b leads to reduced upper jaw (maxillary) outgrowth and OFC, though the signaling architecture leading to this phenotype is poorly understood. Previous murine Wnt9b studies largely overlooked cranial neural crest cell (CNCC) patterning events and instead focused on later events during fusion of facial prominences. Using zebrafish and a morpholino-mediated knockdown approach, we demonstrate functional requirements for Wnt9b signaling during two crucial stages of facial development: 1) CNCC patterning into Dorsal-Intermediate-Ventral (D-I-V) domains;and 2) facial outgrowth during the primary to secondary mouth transition (PM to SM). Zebrafish embryos deficient for Wnt9b (Wnt9b morphants) exhibit an open bite with fused jaw joints as well as a flat face. Open bite and jaw joint fusion in Wnt9b morphants phenocopies characteristics of edn1 pathway is mutant zebrafish with disrupted D-I-V patterning of CNCC. Expression studies show Wnt9b morphants exhibit perturbed expression of edn1 signaling targets including dlx2a, jag1b, and msxe, consistent with disrupted CNCC patterning. Wnt9b morphant upper jaws have stunted outgrowth reminiscent of murine Wnt9b mutants and Wnt9b morphant skulls phenocopy the broad class of foreshortened skull zebrafish mutants known as hammerheads. Wnt9b morphants show upregulated expression of pitx2a after the opening of the primary mouth and disrupted expression of Wnt5b which is consistent with disrupted chondrocyte stacking. Strong upregulation of dorsal mesodermal frzb expression in the prechordal plate of Wnt9b morphants suggests a role for Wnt9b in primary mouth induction or maintenance. Collectively these results argue that Wnt9b has a much earlie
基金financially supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia,Innovacion y Universidades(CGL2013-42498-P)the Swedish Research Council(VR 2016-03589)the Negaunee Foundation(‘The greatest radiation in the fungal kingdom’).
文摘Phylogenomic datasets continue to enhance our understanding of evolutionary relationships in many lineages of organisms.However,genome-scale data have not been widely implemented in reconstructing relationships in lichenized fungi.Here we generate a data set comprised of 2556 single-copy protein-coding genes to reconstruct previously unresolved rela-tionships in the most diverse family of lichen-forming fungi,Parmeliaceae.Our sampling included 51 taxa,mainly from the subfamily Parmelioideae,and represented six of the seven previously identified major clades within the family.Our results provided strong support for the monophyly of each of these major clades and most backbone relationships in the topology were recovered with high nodal support based on concatenated dataset and species tree analyses.The alectorioid clade was strongly supported as sister-group to all remaining clades,which were divided into two major sister-groups.In the first major clade the anzioid and usneoid clades formed a strongly supported sister-group relationship with the cetrarioid?hypogymnioid group.The sister-group relationship of Evernia with the cetrarioid clade was also strongly supported,whereas that between the anzioid and usneoid clades needs further investigation.In the second major clade Oropogon and Platismatia were sister to the parmelioid group,while the position of Omphalora was not fully resolved.This study demonstrates the power of genome-scale data sets to resolve long-standing,ambiguous phylogenetic rela-tionships of lichen-forming fungi.Furthermore,the topology inferred in this study will provide a valuable framework for better understanding diversification in the most diverse lineage of lichen-forming fungi,Parmeliaceae.
基金Supported by FONDECYT, Chile-Post Doctorate-2010 Project (3100010)
文摘The use of clay minerals in the synthesis of nanosized noble metal particles to give increased catalytic activity was investigated. Nanosized platinum and ruthenium catalysts intercalated in clay (montmorillonite/hectorite) were synthesised and their catalytic activity was evaluated for the selective hydrogenation of three different α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, namely, crotonaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, and citral, in a gas phase microreactor. The metal nano-sol was prepared by the chemical reduction of its precursor by the micellar technique in the presence of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), and the micelle stabilized metal particles were intercalated in the clay mineral by ion exchange. TEM micrographs of the catalyst particles showed that the metal particles were in the nanometre range. The average diameters of the particles were 1-25 nm. The effects of temperature, metal loading, and hydrogen flow rate on the catalytic activity and selectivity for α,β- unsaturated alcohol were studied. The results were correlated with the structural properties of the catalysts. The products formed in each reaction over the different catalysts showed that the catalysts were very active for hydrogenation, and the selectivity for the desired product, namely, α,β-unsaturated alcohol, was good. The metal catalysts intercalated in montmorillonite showed better selectivity than that in hectorite because of its higher acidity. Increased selectivity for α,β-unsaturated alcohol was observed with increased flow rate of hydrogen.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31170187,31570017)supported by grant CTM2012-38222-C02-02 from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.
文摘Abstract The phylogenetic relationship of lecanoroid lichens is studied using two data sets:1)a 2-locus data set including 251 OTUs representing 150 species,and 2)a 6-locus data set with 82 OTUs representing 53 species.The genus Lecanora as currently circumscribed is shown to be highly polyphyletic and several genera,including Adelolecia,Arctopeltis,Bryonora,Carbonea,Frutidella,Lecidella,Miriquidica,Palicella,Protoparmeliopsis,Pyrrhospora,and Rhizoplaca are nested within Lecanora sensu lato.A core group of Lecanora is supported as monophyletic and includes species of the L.carpinea,L.rupicola,and L.subcarnea groups,and a core group of the L.subfusca group.Three monophyletic clades that are well supported in our analyses and well characterized by phenotypical characters are accepted here:1)Myriolecis to accommodate the Lecanora dispersa group and Arctopeltis;2)Protoparmeliopsis for the L.muralis group;and 3)Rhizoplaca is emended to include three placodioid taxa previously classified in Lecanora(L.novomexicana.L.opiniconensis,L.phaedrophthalma),whereas R.aspidophora and R.peltata are excluded from Rhizoplaca.The latter is transferred into Protoparmeliopsis.Lecidella is strongly supported as a monophyletic group.Our studies indicate the presence of additional clades of species currently placed in Lecanora sensu lato that warrant taxonomic recognition but additional data will be necessary before the circumscription of these entities is fully understood.37 new combinations are proposed into the genera Myriolecis(30),Protoparmeliopsis(2),and Rhizoplaca(5).
基金The project was financially supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion(CGL2013-42498-P)the Negaunee Foundation(‘The greatest radiation in the fungal kingdom’)GS was supported by a fellowship from the German Academic Exchange Service(DAAD)and EK by a visiting scholarship from The Field Museum.
文摘Although classification at supra-specific ranks is inherently arbitrary,comparable taxonomic ranks within clades can facilitate more consistent classifications and objective comparisons among taxa.Different circumscriptions of the hyper-diverse lichen-forming fungal family Parmeliaceae and widely different generic circumscriptions among authors have been proposed.For this study,we use a recently developed temporal approach that uses timecalibrated chronograms to identify temporal bands for specific ranks in Parmeliaceae and allied groups with the overarching goal of establishing a consistent,stable classification.A data set of 330 species,representing 73 genera in the family and 52 species of related families was used to address the circumscription of Parmeliaceae and its genera following the proposed temporal approach.Based on the results of this study,we propose a revised,temporal-based classification for Parmeliaceae,including all clades that share a common ancestor 102.13–112.88 Ma for families and a time window of 29.45–32.55 Ma for genera.Fortyfive of the currently accepted genera in Parmeliaceae were supported in their current circumscription.Two subfamilies are accepted within Parmeliaceae:Protoparmelioideae Divakar et al.subfam.nov.,including Protoparmelia and the resurrected genus Maronina,and Parmelioideae,including the bulk of genera in the family.The new genus Austromelanelixia Divakar et al.is proposed to accommodate a clade of southern Hemisphere species previously included in Melanelixia.Eumitria and tentatively Dolichousnea are resurrected as genera separate from Usnea.The following genera are reduced to synonymy:Allocetraria,Cetrariella,Usnocetraria,and Vulpicida with Cetraria;Arctocetraria,Cetreliopsis,Flavocetraria,Kaernefeltia,Masonhalea,Tuckermanella,and Tuckermannopsis with Nephromopsis;and the lichenicolous genera Nesolechia and Raesaenenia with the lichen-forming genera Punctelia and Protousnea,respectively.A total of 47 new combinations and three new names at the species level are pr
文摘We report the results of a comparative study of Fourier domain analysis(FDA)and texture analysis(TA)of optical coherence tomography(OCT)images of resected human breast tissues for binary classification between normalabnormal classes and benignmalignant classes.With the incorporation of Fisher linear discriminant analysis(FLDA)in TA for feature extraction,the TA-based algorithm provided improved diagnostic performance as compared to the FDAbased algorithm in discriminating OCT images corresponding to breast tissues with three different pathologies.The specificity and sensitivity values obtained for normalabnormal classification were both 100%,whereas they were 90% and 85%,respectively for benignmalignant classification.
