Stem cells are undifferentiated cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation,giving rise to specialized functional cells.Stem cells are of pivotal importance for organ and tissue development,homeostasis,and injur...Stem cells are undifferentiated cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation,giving rise to specialized functional cells.Stem cells are of pivotal importance for organ and tissue development,homeostasis,and injury and disease repair.Tissue-specific stem cells are a rare population residing in specific tissues and present powerful potential for regeneration when required.They are usually named based on the resident tissue,such as hematopoietic stem cells and germline stem cells.This review discusses the recent advances in stem cells of various tissues,including neural stem cells,muscle stem cells,liver progenitors,pancreatic islet stem/progenitor cells,intestinal stem cells,and prostate stem cells,and the future perspectives for tissue stem cell research.展开更多
It is proposed that healthcare professionals are prone to be stalked by their patients, but many feel ashamed to talk about it, believing that they might have done something to warrant the stalking. We undertook a rig...It is proposed that healthcare professionals are prone to be stalked by their patients, but many feel ashamed to talk about it, believing that they might have done something to warrant the stalking. We undertook a rigorous review of the literature with the primitive goal of highlighting noteworthy issues on the stalking of healthcare professionals and psychologists by their patients. Databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar were searched to collate articles and studies on the topic with the keywords “stalker, stalking, assaults, aggression, and physicians”. From the review, the prevalence rate of stalking healthcare professionals ranged between 6%</span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">53%. This huge variation was largely due to the inconsistencies in the definition of what constituted stalking. The common motives of stalkers were largely due to erotomania or misguided expectation and a sense of resentment due to service dissatisfaction. Finally, it was apparently right to conclude that, medical doctors or healthcare professionals are at risk of being stalked on the grounds of service dissatisfaction, and mismanagement of treatment processes resulting in physical or perceived client injuries. Whereas psychologists and other psychiatrists are more prone to be stalked due to erotomaniac reasons.展开更多
Background:Thymidine analogs,namely AZT(Zidovudine or Retrovir^(TM))and d4T(Stavudine or Zerit^(TM))are antiretroviral drugs still employed in over 75%of first line combination antiretroviral therapy(cART)in Kampala,U...Background:Thymidine analogs,namely AZT(Zidovudine or Retrovir^(TM))and d4T(Stavudine or Zerit^(TM))are antiretroviral drugs still employed in over 75%of first line combination antiretroviral therapy(cART)in Kampala,Uganda despite aversion to prescribing these drugs for cART in high income countries due in part to adverse events.For this study,we explored how the continued use of these thymidine analogs in cART could impact emergence of drug resistance and impact on future treatment success in Uganda,a low-income country.Methods:We examined the drug resistance genotypes by Sanger sequencing of 262 HIV-infected patients failing a first line combined antiretroviral treatment containing either AZT or d4T,which represents approximately 5%of the patients at the Joint Clinical Research Center receiving a AZT or d4T containing treatment.Next generation sequencing(DEEPGEN^(TM)HIV)and multiplex oligonucleotide ligation assays(AfriPOLA)were then performed on a subset of patient samples to detect low frequency drug resistant mutations.CD4 cell counts,viral RNA loads,and treatment changes were analyzed in a cohort of treatment success and failures.Results:Over 80%of patients failing first line AZT/d4T-containing cART had predicted drug resistance to 3TC(Lamivudine)and non-nucleoside RT inhibitors(NNRTIs)in the treatment regimen but only 45%had resistance AZT/d4T associated resistance mutations(TAMs).TAMs were however detected at low frequency within the patients HIV quasispecies(1-20%)in 21 of 34 individuals who were failing first-line AZT-containing cART and lacked TAMs by Sanger.Due to lack of TAMs by Sanger,AZT was typically maintained in second-line therapies and these patients had a low frequency of subsequent virologic success.Conclusions:Our findings suggest that continued use of AZT and d4T in first-line treatment in low-to-middle income countries may lead to misdiagnosis of HIV-1 drug resistance and possibly enhance a succession of second-and third-line treatment failures.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31988101 and 31730056 to YGC32125013 and 81772723 to DG+15 种基金32170804 to PH31930030 to LH91732301,31671072,31771140,81891001,91432111,81527901,31400977,31625013 to XW31625020,31830056,31861163006 to YAZ)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2017YFA0103601 to YGC2020YFA0509000,2017YFA0505500 to DG2017YFA0102700 to PH2019YFA0802001,2019YFA0801503 to LH2017YFA0102601,2019YFA0110100 to XW2020YFA0509002,2019YFA0802002 to YAZ)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Science(XDA16020400 to PHXDA16020200 to YAZ)the Shanghai Science and Technology Commission(21XD1424200,21ZR1470100 to DG)the Basic Frontier Science Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(ZDBS-LY-SM015 to DG)Space Medical Experiment Project of China Manned Space Program(HYZHXM01017 to PH)the Grants of Beijing Brain Initiative of Beijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission(Z181100001518004 to XW)。
文摘Stem cells are undifferentiated cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation,giving rise to specialized functional cells.Stem cells are of pivotal importance for organ and tissue development,homeostasis,and injury and disease repair.Tissue-specific stem cells are a rare population residing in specific tissues and present powerful potential for regeneration when required.They are usually named based on the resident tissue,such as hematopoietic stem cells and germline stem cells.This review discusses the recent advances in stem cells of various tissues,including neural stem cells,muscle stem cells,liver progenitors,pancreatic islet stem/progenitor cells,intestinal stem cells,and prostate stem cells,and the future perspectives for tissue stem cell research.
文摘It is proposed that healthcare professionals are prone to be stalked by their patients, but many feel ashamed to talk about it, believing that they might have done something to warrant the stalking. We undertook a rigorous review of the literature with the primitive goal of highlighting noteworthy issues on the stalking of healthcare professionals and psychologists by their patients. Databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar were searched to collate articles and studies on the topic with the keywords “stalker, stalking, assaults, aggression, and physicians”. From the review, the prevalence rate of stalking healthcare professionals ranged between 6%</span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">53%. This huge variation was largely due to the inconsistencies in the definition of what constituted stalking. The common motives of stalkers were largely due to erotomania or misguided expectation and a sense of resentment due to service dissatisfaction. Finally, it was apparently right to conclude that, medical doctors or healthcare professionals are at risk of being stalked on the grounds of service dissatisfaction, and mismanagement of treatment processes resulting in physical or perceived client injuries. Whereas psychologists and other psychiatrists are more prone to be stalked due to erotomaniac reasons.
基金F.K.was funded by a scholarship from the NIH Fogarty International Center grants D43-TW000011 and D43-TW009780.E.J.A.was funded by NIAID/NIH AI49170holds the Canada Research Chair in HIV-1 Pathogenesis and Viral Control.M.E.Q-M was partially supported by the CWRU/UH Center for AIDS Research(P30 AI036219)by funding from University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center(UHCMC)for the University Hospitals Translational Laboratory(UHTL).
文摘Background:Thymidine analogs,namely AZT(Zidovudine or Retrovir^(TM))and d4T(Stavudine or Zerit^(TM))are antiretroviral drugs still employed in over 75%of first line combination antiretroviral therapy(cART)in Kampala,Uganda despite aversion to prescribing these drugs for cART in high income countries due in part to adverse events.For this study,we explored how the continued use of these thymidine analogs in cART could impact emergence of drug resistance and impact on future treatment success in Uganda,a low-income country.Methods:We examined the drug resistance genotypes by Sanger sequencing of 262 HIV-infected patients failing a first line combined antiretroviral treatment containing either AZT or d4T,which represents approximately 5%of the patients at the Joint Clinical Research Center receiving a AZT or d4T containing treatment.Next generation sequencing(DEEPGEN^(TM)HIV)and multiplex oligonucleotide ligation assays(AfriPOLA)were then performed on a subset of patient samples to detect low frequency drug resistant mutations.CD4 cell counts,viral RNA loads,and treatment changes were analyzed in a cohort of treatment success and failures.Results:Over 80%of patients failing first line AZT/d4T-containing cART had predicted drug resistance to 3TC(Lamivudine)and non-nucleoside RT inhibitors(NNRTIs)in the treatment regimen but only 45%had resistance AZT/d4T associated resistance mutations(TAMs).TAMs were however detected at low frequency within the patients HIV quasispecies(1-20%)in 21 of 34 individuals who were failing first-line AZT-containing cART and lacked TAMs by Sanger.Due to lack of TAMs by Sanger,AZT was typically maintained in second-line therapies and these patients had a low frequency of subsequent virologic success.Conclusions:Our findings suggest that continued use of AZT and d4T in first-line treatment in low-to-middle income countries may lead to misdiagnosis of HIV-1 drug resistance and possibly enhance a succession of second-and third-line treatment failures.
