The geographical distribution of dominant plant species in China was georeferenced and climatic variables were interpolated into all grids.Accordingly,the percentage distributions of principal pollen taxa based on 186...The geographical distribution of dominant plant species in China was georeferenced and climatic variables were interpolated into all grids.Accordingly,the percentage distributions of principal pollen taxa based on 1860 surface pollen sites in China were selected and the related climate values were interpolated with the same method. The geographical and climatic comparison between the two data-sets indicated that the climate threshold of most pollen taxa from surface pollen is coherent with plant distributions. The climatic envelopes of dominant plant are mostly accordant with those of pollen taxa at certain levels. However, some distinct offsets of the climate ranges exist between the two datasets for most pollen taxa identified at family level, such as Ericaceae,Asteraceae, Poaceae and Chenopodiaceae. The present study provides for the first time rich information on temperature and precipitation in relation to pollen and plant distribution based on the datasets on a continental scale useful for global ecological modeling and Quaternary palaeoclimate reconstruction.展开更多
AIM: To assess the usefulness of urinary trypsinogen-2 test strip, urinary trypsinogen activation peptide (TAP),and serum and urine concentrations of the activation peptide of carboxypeptidase B (CAPAP) in the diagnos...AIM: To assess the usefulness of urinary trypsinogen-2 test strip, urinary trypsinogen activation peptide (TAP),and serum and urine concentrations of the activation peptide of carboxypeptidase B (CAPAP) in the diagnosisof acute pancreatitis.METHODS: Patients with acute abdominal pain and hospitalized within 24 h after the onset of symptoms were prospectively studied. Urinary trypsinogen-2 was considered positive when a clear blue line was observed (detection limit 50 μg/L). Urinary TAP was measured using a quantitative solid-phase ELISA, and serum and urinary CAPAP by a radioimmunoassay method.RESULTS: Acute abdominal pain was due to acute pancreatitis in 50 patients and turned out to be extrapancreatic in origin in 22 patients. Patients with acute pancreatitis showed significantly higher median levels of serum and urinary CAPAP levels, as well as amylase and lipase than extrapancreatic controls. Median TAP levels were similar in both groups. The urinary trypsinogen-2 test strip was positive in 68% of patients with acute pancreatitis and 13.6% in extrapancreatic controls (P<0.01). Urinary CAPAP was the most reliable test for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis (sensitivity 66.7%, specificity 95.5%, positive and negative predictive values 96.6% and 56.7%, respectively), with a 14.6 positive likelihood ratio for a cut-off value of 2.32 nmol/L.CONCLUSION: In patients with acute abdominal pain,hospitalized within 24 h of symptom onset, CAPAP in serum and urine was a reliable diagnostic marker of acute pancreatitis. Urinary trypsinogen-2 test strip showed a clinical value similar to amylase and lipase.Urinary TAP was not a useful screening test for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis.展开更多
Antibiotic resistance and its environmental component are gaining more attention as part of combating the growing healthcare crisis. The One Health framework, promulgated by many global health agencies, recognizes tha...Antibiotic resistance and its environmental component are gaining more attention as part of combating the growing healthcare crisis. The One Health framework, promulgated by many global health agencies, recognizes that antimicrobial resistance is a truly inter-domain problem in which human health, animal agriculture, and the environment are the core and interrelated components.This prospectus presents the status and issues relevant to the environmental component of antibiotic resistance, namely, the needs for advancing surveillance methodology: the environmental reservoirs and sources of resistance, namely, urban wastewater treatment plants, aquaculture production systems, soil receiving manure and biosolid, and the atmosphere which includes longer range dispersal.Recently, much work has been done describing antibiotic resistance genes in various environments;now quantitative, mechanistic,and hypothesis-driven studies are needed to identify practices that reduce real risks and maintain the effectiveness of our current antibiotics as long as possible. Advanced deployable detection methods for antibiotic resistance in diverse environmental samples are needed in order to provide the surveillance information to identify risks and define barriers that can reduce risks. Also needed are practices that reduce antibiotic use and thereby reduce selection for resistance, as well as practices that limit the dispersal of or destroy antibiotic-resistant bacteria or their resistance genes that are feasible for these varied environmental domains.展开更多
Background： During tile last 3 decades, China has dramatic changes of the dietary pattern among its citizens, particularly in urban cities. This study aimed to determine the nutrient intake status and factors associa...Background： During tile last 3 decades, China has dramatic changes of the dietary pattern among its citizens, particularly in urban cities. This study aimed to determine the nutrient intake status and factors associated with nutrient intakes of urban Chinese pregnant women now-a-day. Methods： The multistage stratified random sampling method was applied in the cross-sectional study. 479 women in three trimesters of pregnancy from eight cities of China were recruited. Nutrient intakes were evaluated with one 24 h dietary recall, and compared with the Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes （DRIs） 2013 tbr available nutrients. Results： Most pregnant women had imbalanced macronutrient distribution with excessive energy derived from fat. Intakes of Vitamin A, B, calcium, magnesium, and selenium were below Chinese Recommended Nutrient Intake （RNI） and Estimated Average Requirements （EARs） in all trimesters. Most pregnant women took more tblic acid in the first trimester with a significant decrease in the second and third trimester （P 〈 0.05）. Shortfall in iron intake was tbund in the third trimester whereas some women may be at the risk of excessive iron intake. Intakes of thiamin met RNI in the first trimester but were below EAR in all trimesters. Trimester phasing was positively associated with most nutrients （P 〈 0.05）. Prepregnancy body mass index was inversely associated with energy, tht, Vitamin C, and calcium intake （P 〈 0.05）. Educational level and household income were positively associated with folic acid intake （P 〈 0.05）. Conclusions： Cunent prenatal dietary choices of urban pregnant women in China are imbalanced in the nutrient intake when compared with national DRIs 2013, particularly in intakes of energy derived from fat and micronutrients. Appropriate dietary advice to pregnant women should promote a balanced diet with emphasis on avoidance of foods of high fat content and incorporation of t＇oods that are good sources of the key micronutrients that are usually lac展开更多
To defend themselves against herbivore attack, plants produce secondary metabolites, which are variously inducible and constitutively deployed, presumably to optimize their fitness benefits in light of their fitness c...To defend themselves against herbivore attack, plants produce secondary metabolites, which are variously inducible and constitutively deployed, presumably to optimize their fitness benefits in light of their fitness costs. Three phytohormones, jasmonates （JA） and their active forms, the JA-isoleucine （JA-Ile） and ethylene （ET）, are known to play central roles in the elicitation of induced defenses, but little is known about how this mediation changes over ontogeny. The Optimal Defense Theory （ODT） predicts changes in the costs and benefits of the different types of defenses and has been usefully extrapolated to their modes of deployment. Here we studied whether the herbivore-induced accumulation of JA, JA-Ile and ET changed over ontogeny in Nicotiana attenuata, a native tobacco in which inducible defenses are particularly well studied. Herbivore-elicited ET production changed dramatically during six developmental stages, from rosette through flowering, decreasing with the elongation of the first corollas during flower development. This decrease was largely recovered within a day after flower removal by decapitation. A similar pattern was found for the herbivore-induced accumulation of JA and JA-Ile. These results are consistent with ODT predictions and suggest that the last steps in floral development control the inducibility of at least three plant hormones, optimizing defense-growth tradeoffs.展开更多
Since arsenic trioxide was first approved as the front line therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia 25 years ago,its anti-cancer properties for various malignancies have been under intense investigation.However,the c...Since arsenic trioxide was first approved as the front line therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia 25 years ago,its anti-cancer properties for various malignancies have been under intense investigation.However,the clinical successes of arsenic trioxide in treating hematological cancers have not been translated to solid cancers.This is due to arsenic＇s rapid clearance by the body＇s immune system before reaching the tumor site.Several attempts have henceforth been made to increase its bioavailability toward solid cancers without increasing its dosage albeit without much success.This review summarizes the past and current utilization of arsenic trioxide in the medical field with primary focus on the implementation of nanotechnology for arsenic trioxide delivery to solid cancer cells.Different approaches that have been employed to increase arsenic＇s efficacy,specificity and bioavailability to solid cancer cells were evaluated and compared.The potential of combining different approaches or tailoring delivery vehicles to target specific types of solid cancers according to individual cancer characteristics and arsenic chemistry is proposed and discussed.展开更多
BACKGROUND Recent management of acute cholecystitis favors same admission(SA)or emergent cholecystectomy based on overall shorter hospital stay and therefore cost savings.We adopted the practice of SA cholecystectomy ...BACKGROUND Recent management of acute cholecystitis favors same admission(SA)or emergent cholecystectomy based on overall shorter hospital stay and therefore cost savings.We adopted the practice of SA cholecystectomy for the treatment of acute cholecystitis at our tertiary care center and wanted to evaluate the economic benefit of this practice.We hypothesized that the existence of complications,particularly among patients with a higher degree of disease severity,during SA cholecystectomy could negate the cost savings.AIM To compare complication rates and hospital costs between SA vs delayed cholecystectomy among patients admitted emergently for acute cholecystitis.METHODS Under an IRB-approved protocol,complications and charges for were obtained for SA,later after conservative management(Delayed),or elective cholecystectomies over an 8.5-year period.Patients were identified using the acute care surgery registry and billing database.Data was retrieved via EMR,operative logs,and Revenue Cycle Operations.The severity of acute cholecystitis was graded according to the Tokyo Guidelines.TG18 categorizes acute cholecystitis by Grades 1,2,and 3 representing mild,moderate,and severe,respectively.Comparisons were analyzed withχ2,Fisher’s exact test,ANOVA,ttests,and logistic regression;significance was set at P<0.05.RESULTS Four hundred eighty-six(87.7%)underwent a SA while 68 patients(12.3%)received Delayed cholecystectomy.Complication rates were increased after SA compared to Delayed cholecystectomy(18.5%vs 4.4%,P=0.004).The complication rates of patients undergoing delayed cholecystectomy was similar to the rate for elective cholecystectomy(7.4%,P=0.35).Mortality rates were 0.6%vs 0%for SA vs Delayed.Patients with moderate disease(Tokyo 2)suffered more complications among SA while none who were delayed experienced a complication(16.1%vs 0.0%,P<0.001).Total hospital charges for SA cholecystectomy were increased compared to a Delayed approach($44500±$59000 vs$35300±$16700,P=0.019).The relative risk of developing a co展开更多
A micro- and mesoporous carbon obtained from cherry pit waste and activated with HBPO4 acid has been studied as the sulfur host for Li/S batteries. The carbon has a high specific surface area of 1,662 m2·g-1 （S...A micro- and mesoporous carbon obtained from cherry pit waste and activated with HBPO4 acid has been studied as the sulfur host for Li/S batteries. The carbon has a high specific surface area of 1,662 m2·g-1 （SBET） and micropore and mesopore volumes of 0.57 and 0.40 cm3·g-1, respectively. The S/C composite, with a sulfur content of 57% deposited by the disproportionate reaction of a SaO2- solution in an acid medium without an additional heating step above the S melting point, delivers an initial specific capacity of 1,148 mah·g-1 at a current of C/16. It also has a high capacity retention of 915 mAh·g-1 after 100 cycles and a Coulombic efficiency close to 100%. The good performance of the composite was also observed under higher current rates and long-term cycling tests. The capacities delivered by the cell after 200 cycles were 707 and 410 mAh·g-1 at C/2 and 1C （1C = 1,675 mA·g-1）, respectively, maintaining the high Coulombic efficiency. The overall electrochemical response of this carbon as the sulfur matrix is among the best reported so far among the other biomass-derived carbons, probably because of the micro- and mesopore system formed upon activation.展开更多
Cancer metabolism has emerged as an important area of research in recent years.Elucidation of the metabolic differences between cancer and normal cells and the underlying mechanisms will not only advance our understan...Cancer metabolism has emerged as an important area of research in recent years.Elucidation of the metabolic differences between cancer and normal cells and the underlying mechanisms will not only advance our understanding of fundamental cancer cell biology but also provide an important basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies and novel compounds to selectively eliminate cancer cells by targeting their unique metabolism.This article reviews several important metabolic alterations in cancer cells,with an emphasis on increased aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect) and glutamine addiction,and discusses the mechanisms that may contribute to such metabolic changes.In addition,metabolic alterations in cancer stem cells,mitochondrial metabolism and its influence on drug sensitivity,and potential therapeutic strategies and agents that target cancer metabolism are also discussed.展开更多
Particulate matter(PM_(2.5))samples were collected in the vicinity of an industrial chemical pole and analysed for organic and elemental carbon(OC and EC),47 trace elements and around 150 organic constituents.On avera...Particulate matter(PM_(2.5))samples were collected in the vicinity of an industrial chemical pole and analysed for organic and elemental carbon(OC and EC),47 trace elements and around 150 organic constituents.On average,OC and EC accounted for 25.2% and 11.4% of the PM_(2.5) mass,respectively.Organic compounds comprised polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs),alkylated PAHs,anhydrosugars,phenolics,aromatic ketones,glycerol derivatives,aliphatic alcohols,sterols,and carboxyl groups,including aromatic,carboxylic and dicarboxylic acids.Enrichment factors>100 were obtained for Pb,Cd,Zn,Cu,Sn,B,Se,Bi,Sb and Mo,showing the contribution of industrial emissions and nearby major roads.Principal component analysis revealed that vehicle,industrial and biomass burning emissions accounted for 66%,11% and 9%,respectively,of the total PM_(2.5)-bound PAHs.Some of the detected organic constituents are likely associated with plasticiser ingredients and thermal stabilisers used in the manufacture of PVC and other plastics in the industrial complex.Photooxidation products of both anthropogenic(e.g.,toluene)and biogenic(e.g.,isoprene and pinenes)precursors were also observed.It was estimated that biomass burning accounted for 13.8%of the PM_(2.5) concentrations and that secondary OC represented 37.6% of the total OC.The lifetime cancer risk from inhalation exposure to PM_(2.5)-bound PAHs was found to be negligible,but it exceeded the threshold of 10−6 for metal(loi)s,mainly due to Cr and As.展开更多
Introduction: The aim of this work was to take stock of the epidemiological aspects of liver diseases in Benin. Methods: Two methods were used: documentary research and collection of the position of gastroenterologist...Introduction: The aim of this work was to take stock of the epidemiological aspects of liver diseases in Benin. Methods: Two methods were used: documentary research and collection of the position of gastroenterologists on the subject. For the literature search, the sources interviewed were Medline, African Journal On Line (AJOL), Google and Google scholar. Additional searches were made on the websites of European gastroenterology societies (AFEF, EASL). A collection of the opinions of gastroenterologists, most of them members of the Beninese Society of Hepato-gastroenterology was made. Results: From a nosological point of view, the most frequent and serious liver diseases in Benin are mainly infectious: viral hepatitis B and C (9.9% and 4.12% of the general population in 2013). Bacterial liver diseases (ascites fluid infections and tuberculosis of the liver) come in 3rd position after cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Amoebic abscesses of the liver tend to regress. The toxic causes are dominated, in addition to alcoholic liver diseases (steatosis, cirrhosis), by drug lesions: two fatal cases of hepatotoxicity by artesunate-amodiaquine combination and asymptomatic and transient cytolysis in 23.8% of 63 children less than 5 years old treated with arthemether-lumefantrine combination have been described. Phytotherapy, alone or in combination with modern drugs, can in some cases be hepatotoxic. Plants with recognized medicinal virtues (may be harmful to the liver (Senna, Moringa oleifera, tamarind). Chronic aflatoxicoses secondary to the consumption of contaminated food (maize, cassava or peanuts) are relatively under-documented. Overload diseases (in particular alcoholic or non-alcoholic fatty liver) are on the increase (3.19% of 662 ultrasounds in 1995 against 14.5% of 411 in 2011 in Cotonou) partly due to the demographic and nutritional transition underway in Benin. These diseases, often blamed on spells cast, lead to hospital deaths from cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma in young economically active sub展开更多
To evaluate the therapeutic effects of bone marrow-derived CD11b<sup>+</sup>CD14<sup>+</sup> monocytes in a murine model of chronic liver damage.METHODSChronic liver damage was induced in C57BL...To evaluate the therapeutic effects of bone marrow-derived CD11b<sup>+</sup>CD14<sup>+</sup> monocytes in a murine model of chronic liver damage.METHODSChronic liver damage was induced in C57BL/6 mice by administration of carbon tetrachloride and ethanol for 6 mo. Bone marrow-derived monocytes isolated by immunomagnetic separation were used for therapy. The cell transplantation effects were evaluated by morphometry, biochemical assessment, immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.RESULTSCD11b<sup>+</sup>CD14<sup>+</sup> monocyte therapy significantly reduced liver fibrosis and increased hepatic glutathione levels. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β, in addition to pro-fibrotic factors, such as IL-13, transforming growth factor-β1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 also decreased, while IL-10 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 increased in the monocyte-treated group. CD11b<sup>+</sup>CD14<sup>+</sup> monocyte transplantation caused significant changes in the hepatic expression of α-smooth muscle actin and osteopontin.CONCLUSIONMonocyte therapy is capable of bringing about improvement of liver fibrosis by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as increasing anti-fibrogenic factors.展开更多
Since 2014,"Bring Your Own Data"workshops(BYODs)have been organised to inform people about the process and benefits of making resources Findable,Accessible,Interoperable,and Reusable(FAIR,and the FAIRificati...Since 2014,"Bring Your Own Data"workshops(BYODs)have been organised to inform people about the process and benefits of making resources Findable,Accessible,Interoperable,and Reusable(FAIR,and the FAIRification process).The BYOD workshops'content and format differ depending on their goal,context,and the background and needs of participants.Data-focused BYODs educate domain experts on how to make their data FAIR to find new answers to research questions.Management-focused BYODs promote the benefits of making data FAIR and instruct project managers and policy-makers on the characteristics of FAIRification projects.Software-focused BYODs gather software developers and experts on FAIR to implement or improve software resources that are used to support FAIRification.Overall,these BYODs intend to foster collaboration between different types of stakeholders involved in data management,curation,and reuse(e.g.domain experts,trainers,developers,data owners,data analysts,FAIR experts).The BYODs also serve as an opportunity to learn what kind of support for FAIRification is needed from different communities and to develop teaching materials based on practical examples and experience.In this paper,we detail the three different structures of the BYODs and describe examples of early BYODs related to plant breeding data,and rare disease registries and biobanks,which have shaped the structure of the workshops.We discuss the latest insights into making BYODs more productive by leveraging our almost ten years of training experience in these workshops,including successes and encountered challenges.Finally,we examine how the participants'feedback has motivated the research on FAIR,including the development of workflows and software.展开更多
Memory deficit,which is often associated with aging and many psychiatric,neurological,and neurodegenerative diseases,has been a challenging issue for treatment.Up till now,all potential drug candidates have failed to ...Memory deficit,which is often associated with aging and many psychiatric,neurological,and neurodegenerative diseases,has been a challenging issue for treatment.Up till now,all potential drug candidates have failed to produce satisfa ctory effects.Therefore,in the search for a solution,we found that a treatment with the gene corresponding to the RGS14414protein in visual area V2,a brain area connected with brain circuits of the ventral stream and the medial temporal lobe,which is crucial for object recognition memory(ORM),can induce enhancement of ORM.In this study,we demonstrated that the same treatment with RGS14414in visual area V2,which is relatively unaffected in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer s disease,produced longlasting enhancement of ORM in young animals and prevent ORM deficits in rodent models of aging and Alzheimer’s disease.Furthermore,we found that the prevention of memory deficits was mediated through the upregulation of neuronal arbo rization and spine density,as well as an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF).A knockdown of BDNF gene in RGS14414-treated aging rats and Alzheimer s disease model mice caused complete loss in the upregulation of neuronal structural plasticity and in the prevention of ORM deficits.These findings suggest that BDNF-mediated neuronal structural plasticity in area V2 is crucial in the prevention of memory deficits in RGS14414-treated rodent models of aging and Alzheimer’s disease.Therefore,our findings of RGS14414gene-mediated activation of neuronal circuits in visual area V2 have therapeutic relevance in the treatment of memory deficits.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.40331011,40772113 and 40325002)
文摘The geographical distribution of dominant plant species in China was georeferenced and climatic variables were interpolated into all grids.Accordingly,the percentage distributions of principal pollen taxa based on 1860 surface pollen sites in China were selected and the related climate values were interpolated with the same method. The geographical and climatic comparison between the two data-sets indicated that the climate threshold of most pollen taxa from surface pollen is coherent with plant distributions. The climatic envelopes of dominant plant are mostly accordant with those of pollen taxa at certain levels. However, some distinct offsets of the climate ranges exist between the two datasets for most pollen taxa identified at family level, such as Ericaceae,Asteraceae, Poaceae and Chenopodiaceae. The present study provides for the first time rich information on temperature and precipitation in relation to pollen and plant distribution based on the datasets on a continental scale useful for global ecological modeling and Quaternary palaeoclimate reconstruction.
基金Supported by grants from the Institute de Salud Carlos III No.C03/02,No. G03/156
文摘AIM: To assess the usefulness of urinary trypsinogen-2 test strip, urinary trypsinogen activation peptide (TAP),and serum and urine concentrations of the activation peptide of carboxypeptidase B (CAPAP) in the diagnosisof acute pancreatitis.METHODS: Patients with acute abdominal pain and hospitalized within 24 h after the onset of symptoms were prospectively studied. Urinary trypsinogen-2 was considered positive when a clear blue line was observed (detection limit 50 μg/L). Urinary TAP was measured using a quantitative solid-phase ELISA, and serum and urinary CAPAP by a radioimmunoassay method.RESULTS: Acute abdominal pain was due to acute pancreatitis in 50 patients and turned out to be extrapancreatic in origin in 22 patients. Patients with acute pancreatitis showed significantly higher median levels of serum and urinary CAPAP levels, as well as amylase and lipase than extrapancreatic controls. Median TAP levels were similar in both groups. The urinary trypsinogen-2 test strip was positive in 68% of patients with acute pancreatitis and 13.6% in extrapancreatic controls (P<0.01). Urinary CAPAP was the most reliable test for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis (sensitivity 66.7%, specificity 95.5%, positive and negative predictive values 96.6% and 56.7%, respectively), with a 14.6 positive likelihood ratio for a cut-off value of 2.32 nmol/L.CONCLUSION: In patients with acute abdominal pain,hospitalized within 24 h of symptom onset, CAPAP in serum and urine was a reliable diagnostic marker of acute pancreatitis. Urinary trypsinogen-2 test strip showed a clinical value similar to amylase and lipase.Urinary TAP was not a useful screening test for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21677149)the Outstanding Youth Fund of the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China (No. BK20150050)+6 种基金the Innovative Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. ISSASIP1616)funded by the Center for Health Impacts of Agriculture (CHIA) of Michigan State University, USAfunded by Agriculture and AgriFood Canada, the Canadian Genomics Research Development Initiative (GRDI-AMR)the Canadian Institute for Health Research (CIHR) through the Joint Programming Initiative on Antimicrobial Resistance (JPIAMR)the National Funds from FCT—Fundacao para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal (No. UID/Multi/ 50016/2013)funded by Academy of Finland and the Joint Programming Initiative “Water Challenges for a Changing World” (Water JPI)funded by the Collaborative Research Fund of Hong Kong (CRF), China (No. C6033-14G)
文摘Antibiotic resistance and its environmental component are gaining more attention as part of combating the growing healthcare crisis. The One Health framework, promulgated by many global health agencies, recognizes that antimicrobial resistance is a truly inter-domain problem in which human health, animal agriculture, and the environment are the core and interrelated components.This prospectus presents the status and issues relevant to the environmental component of antibiotic resistance, namely, the needs for advancing surveillance methodology: the environmental reservoirs and sources of resistance, namely, urban wastewater treatment plants, aquaculture production systems, soil receiving manure and biosolid, and the atmosphere which includes longer range dispersal.Recently, much work has been done describing antibiotic resistance genes in various environments;now quantitative, mechanistic,and hypothesis-driven studies are needed to identify practices that reduce real risks and maintain the effectiveness of our current antibiotics as long as possible. Advanced deployable detection methods for antibiotic resistance in diverse environmental samples are needed in order to provide the surveillance information to identify risks and define barriers that can reduce risks. Also needed are practices that reduce antibiotic use and thereby reduce selection for resistance, as well as practices that limit the dispersal of or destroy antibiotic-resistant bacteria or their resistance genes that are feasible for these varied environmental domains.
文摘Background： During tile last 3 decades, China has dramatic changes of the dietary pattern among its citizens, particularly in urban cities. This study aimed to determine the nutrient intake status and factors associated with nutrient intakes of urban Chinese pregnant women now-a-day. Methods： The multistage stratified random sampling method was applied in the cross-sectional study. 479 women in three trimesters of pregnancy from eight cities of China were recruited. Nutrient intakes were evaluated with one 24 h dietary recall, and compared with the Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes （DRIs） 2013 tbr available nutrients. Results： Most pregnant women had imbalanced macronutrient distribution with excessive energy derived from fat. Intakes of Vitamin A, B, calcium, magnesium, and selenium were below Chinese Recommended Nutrient Intake （RNI） and Estimated Average Requirements （EARs） in all trimesters. Most pregnant women took more tblic acid in the first trimester with a significant decrease in the second and third trimester （P 〈 0.05）. Shortfall in iron intake was tbund in the third trimester whereas some women may be at the risk of excessive iron intake. Intakes of thiamin met RNI in the first trimester but were below EAR in all trimesters. Trimester phasing was positively associated with most nutrients （P 〈 0.05）. Prepregnancy body mass index was inversely associated with energy, tht, Vitamin C, and calcium intake （P 〈 0.05）. Educational level and household income were positively associated with folic acid intake （P 〈 0.05）. Conclusions： Cunent prenatal dietary choices of urban pregnant women in China are imbalanced in the nutrient intake when compared with national DRIs 2013, particularly in intakes of energy derived from fat and micronutrients. Appropriate dietary advice to pregnant women should promote a balanced diet with emphasis on avoidance of foods of high fat content and incorporation of t＇oods that are good sources of the key micronutrients that are usually lac
文摘To defend themselves against herbivore attack, plants produce secondary metabolites, which are variously inducible and constitutively deployed, presumably to optimize their fitness benefits in light of their fitness costs. Three phytohormones, jasmonates （JA） and their active forms, the JA-isoleucine （JA-Ile） and ethylene （ET）, are known to play central roles in the elicitation of induced defenses, but little is known about how this mediation changes over ontogeny. The Optimal Defense Theory （ODT） predicts changes in the costs and benefits of the different types of defenses and has been usefully extrapolated to their modes of deployment. Here we studied whether the herbivore-induced accumulation of JA, JA-Ile and ET changed over ontogeny in Nicotiana attenuata, a native tobacco in which inducible defenses are particularly well studied. Herbivore-elicited ET production changed dramatically during six developmental stages, from rosette through flowering, decreasing with the elongation of the first corollas during flower development. This decrease was largely recovered within a day after flower removal by decapitation. A similar pattern was found for the herbivore-induced accumulation of JA and JA-Ile. These results are consistent with ODT predictions and suggest that the last steps in floral development control the inducibility of at least three plant hormones, optimizing defense-growth tradeoffs.
文摘Since arsenic trioxide was first approved as the front line therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia 25 years ago,its anti-cancer properties for various malignancies have been under intense investigation.However,the clinical successes of arsenic trioxide in treating hematological cancers have not been translated to solid cancers.This is due to arsenic＇s rapid clearance by the body＇s immune system before reaching the tumor site.Several attempts have henceforth been made to increase its bioavailability toward solid cancers without increasing its dosage albeit without much success.This review summarizes the past and current utilization of arsenic trioxide in the medical field with primary focus on the implementation of nanotechnology for arsenic trioxide delivery to solid cancer cells.Different approaches that have been employed to increase arsenic＇s efficacy,specificity and bioavailability to solid cancer cells were evaluated and compared.The potential of combining different approaches or tailoring delivery vehicles to target specific types of solid cancers according to individual cancer characteristics and arsenic chemistry is proposed and discussed.
文摘BACKGROUND Recent management of acute cholecystitis favors same admission(SA)or emergent cholecystectomy based on overall shorter hospital stay and therefore cost savings.We adopted the practice of SA cholecystectomy for the treatment of acute cholecystitis at our tertiary care center and wanted to evaluate the economic benefit of this practice.We hypothesized that the existence of complications,particularly among patients with a higher degree of disease severity,during SA cholecystectomy could negate the cost savings.AIM To compare complication rates and hospital costs between SA vs delayed cholecystectomy among patients admitted emergently for acute cholecystitis.METHODS Under an IRB-approved protocol,complications and charges for were obtained for SA,later after conservative management(Delayed),or elective cholecystectomies over an 8.5-year period.Patients were identified using the acute care surgery registry and billing database.Data was retrieved via EMR,operative logs,and Revenue Cycle Operations.The severity of acute cholecystitis was graded according to the Tokyo Guidelines.TG18 categorizes acute cholecystitis by Grades 1,2,and 3 representing mild,moderate,and severe,respectively.Comparisons were analyzed withχ2,Fisher’s exact test,ANOVA,ttests,and logistic regression;significance was set at P<0.05.RESULTS Four hundred eighty-six(87.7%)underwent a SA while 68 patients(12.3%)received Delayed cholecystectomy.Complication rates were increased after SA compared to Delayed cholecystectomy(18.5%vs 4.4%,P=0.004).The complication rates of patients undergoing delayed cholecystectomy was similar to the rate for elective cholecystectomy(7.4%,P=0.35).Mortality rates were 0.6%vs 0%for SA vs Delayed.Patients with moderate disease(Tokyo 2)suffered more complications among SA while none who were delayed experienced a complication(16.1%vs 0.0%,P<0.001).Total hospital charges for SA cholecystectomy were increased compared to a Delayed approach($44500±$59000 vs$35300±$16700,P=0.019).The relative risk of developing a co
文摘A micro- and mesoporous carbon obtained from cherry pit waste and activated with HBPO4 acid has been studied as the sulfur host for Li/S batteries. The carbon has a high specific surface area of 1,662 m2·g-1 （SBET） and micropore and mesopore volumes of 0.57 and 0.40 cm3·g-1, respectively. The S/C composite, with a sulfur content of 57% deposited by the disproportionate reaction of a SaO2- solution in an acid medium without an additional heating step above the S melting point, delivers an initial specific capacity of 1,148 mah·g-1 at a current of C/16. It also has a high capacity retention of 915 mAh·g-1 after 100 cycles and a Coulombic efficiency close to 100%. The good performance of the composite was also observed under higher current rates and long-term cycling tests. The capacities delivered by the cell after 200 cycles were 707 and 410 mAh·g-1 at C/2 and 1C （1C = 1,675 mA·g-1）, respectively, maintaining the high Coulombic efficiency. The overall electrochemical response of this carbon as the sulfur matrix is among the best reported so far among the other biomass-derived carbons, probably because of the micro- and mesopore system formed upon activation.
文摘Cancer metabolism has emerged as an important area of research in recent years.Elucidation of the metabolic differences between cancer and normal cells and the underlying mechanisms will not only advance our understanding of fundamental cancer cell biology but also provide an important basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies and novel compounds to selectively eliminate cancer cells by targeting their unique metabolism.This article reviews several important metabolic alterations in cancer cells,with an emphasis on increased aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect) and glutamine addiction,and discusses the mechanisms that may contribute to such metabolic changes.In addition,metabolic alterations in cancer stem cells,mitochondrial metabolism and its influence on drug sensitivity,and potential therapeutic strategies and agents that target cancer metabolism are also discussed.
基金supported by the projects “ATHEROFIT: Phytochemical-based metabolic immunomodulation to prevent/attenuate particulate mattermediated atherosclerosis” (OHM-Estarreja/2019-2128)funded by LabEx DRIIHM, and “SOPRO: Chemical and toxicologicalSOurce PROfiling of particulate matter in urban air”, POCI-010145-FEDER-029574+5 种基金funded by FEDER, through COMPETE2020 - Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionaliza??o (POCI)national funds (OE), through FCT/MCTESthe grants SFRH/BPD/123176/2016, SFRH/BD/117993/2016 and SFRH/BD/144550/2019 from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)subsidised by national funds (OE), through FCT, I.P., in the framework contract foreseen in the numbers 4, 5 and 6 of article 23, of the Decree-Law 57/2016, of August 29, changed by Law 57/2017, of July 19support to CESAM (UIDB/50017/2020 & UIDP/50017/2020) and CICECO (UIDB/50011/2020 & UIDP/50011/2020), to FCT/MCTES through national fundsco-funding by FEDER, within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020
文摘Particulate matter(PM_(2.5))samples were collected in the vicinity of an industrial chemical pole and analysed for organic and elemental carbon(OC and EC),47 trace elements and around 150 organic constituents.On average,OC and EC accounted for 25.2% and 11.4% of the PM_(2.5) mass,respectively.Organic compounds comprised polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs),alkylated PAHs,anhydrosugars,phenolics,aromatic ketones,glycerol derivatives,aliphatic alcohols,sterols,and carboxyl groups,including aromatic,carboxylic and dicarboxylic acids.Enrichment factors>100 were obtained for Pb,Cd,Zn,Cu,Sn,B,Se,Bi,Sb and Mo,showing the contribution of industrial emissions and nearby major roads.Principal component analysis revealed that vehicle,industrial and biomass burning emissions accounted for 66%,11% and 9%,respectively,of the total PM_(2.5)-bound PAHs.Some of the detected organic constituents are likely associated with plasticiser ingredients and thermal stabilisers used in the manufacture of PVC and other plastics in the industrial complex.Photooxidation products of both anthropogenic(e.g.,toluene)and biogenic(e.g.,isoprene and pinenes)precursors were also observed.It was estimated that biomass burning accounted for 13.8%of the PM_(2.5) concentrations and that secondary OC represented 37.6% of the total OC.The lifetime cancer risk from inhalation exposure to PM_(2.5)-bound PAHs was found to be negligible,but it exceeded the threshold of 10−6 for metal(loi)s,mainly due to Cr and As.
文摘Introduction: The aim of this work was to take stock of the epidemiological aspects of liver diseases in Benin. Methods: Two methods were used: documentary research and collection of the position of gastroenterologists on the subject. For the literature search, the sources interviewed were Medline, African Journal On Line (AJOL), Google and Google scholar. Additional searches were made on the websites of European gastroenterology societies (AFEF, EASL). A collection of the opinions of gastroenterologists, most of them members of the Beninese Society of Hepato-gastroenterology was made. Results: From a nosological point of view, the most frequent and serious liver diseases in Benin are mainly infectious: viral hepatitis B and C (9.9% and 4.12% of the general population in 2013). Bacterial liver diseases (ascites fluid infections and tuberculosis of the liver) come in 3rd position after cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Amoebic abscesses of the liver tend to regress. The toxic causes are dominated, in addition to alcoholic liver diseases (steatosis, cirrhosis), by drug lesions: two fatal cases of hepatotoxicity by artesunate-amodiaquine combination and asymptomatic and transient cytolysis in 23.8% of 63 children less than 5 years old treated with arthemether-lumefantrine combination have been described. Phytotherapy, alone or in combination with modern drugs, can in some cases be hepatotoxic. Plants with recognized medicinal virtues (may be harmful to the liver (Senna, Moringa oleifera, tamarind). Chronic aflatoxicoses secondary to the consumption of contaminated food (maize, cassava or peanuts) are relatively under-documented. Overload diseases (in particular alcoholic or non-alcoholic fatty liver) are on the increase (3.19% of 662 ultrasounds in 1995 against 14.5% of 411 in 2011 in Cotonou) partly due to the demographic and nutritional transition underway in Benin. These diseases, often blamed on spells cast, lead to hospital deaths from cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma in young economically active sub
基金Supported by the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation(FIOCRUZ)the Pernambuco Science and Technology Support Foundation(FACEPE)(PROEP-FIOCRUZ 19/2015)+2 种基金the National Council of Technological and Scientific Development(CNPq)(Processes APQ 0906-2.11/08)the National Council for the Improvement of Higher Education(CAPES)the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health(LPD/NIAID/NIH)
文摘To evaluate the therapeutic effects of bone marrow-derived CD11b<sup>+</sup>CD14<sup>+</sup> monocytes in a murine model of chronic liver damage.METHODSChronic liver damage was induced in C57BL/6 mice by administration of carbon tetrachloride and ethanol for 6 mo. Bone marrow-derived monocytes isolated by immunomagnetic separation were used for therapy. The cell transplantation effects were evaluated by morphometry, biochemical assessment, immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.RESULTSCD11b<sup>+</sup>CD14<sup>+</sup> monocyte therapy significantly reduced liver fibrosis and increased hepatic glutathione levels. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β, in addition to pro-fibrotic factors, such as IL-13, transforming growth factor-β1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 also decreased, while IL-10 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 increased in the monocyte-treated group. CD11b<sup>+</sup>CD14<sup>+</sup> monocyte transplantation caused significant changes in the hepatic expression of α-smooth muscle actin and osteopontin.CONCLUSIONMonocyte therapy is capable of bringing about improvement of liver fibrosis by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as increasing anti-fibrogenic factors.
基金support from the RD-Connect project(funded from the European Community's Seventh Framework Program under grant agreement n°305444"RD-CONNECT")ELIXIR and ELIXIR-EXCELERATE(Grant number EU H2020#676559)+1 种基金the Istituto Superiore di Sanita(ISS),the Leiden University Medical Center(LUMC)the University Medical Center Groningen,and the Dutch Techcentre for Life Sciences(DTL)between 2014 and 2018.From 2019 to 2023,the RD-BYOD has been funded by the European Joint Programme Rare Diseases(EJP RD)and its partners(European Union Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement n°825575),and we are grateful for their continued support.
文摘Since 2014,"Bring Your Own Data"workshops(BYODs)have been organised to inform people about the process and benefits of making resources Findable,Accessible,Interoperable,and Reusable(FAIR,and the FAIRification process).The BYOD workshops'content and format differ depending on their goal,context,and the background and needs of participants.Data-focused BYODs educate domain experts on how to make their data FAIR to find new answers to research questions.Management-focused BYODs promote the benefits of making data FAIR and instruct project managers and policy-makers on the characteristics of FAIRification projects.Software-focused BYODs gather software developers and experts on FAIR to implement or improve software resources that are used to support FAIRification.Overall,these BYODs intend to foster collaboration between different types of stakeholders involved in data management,curation,and reuse(e.g.domain experts,trainers,developers,data owners,data analysts,FAIR experts).The BYODs also serve as an opportunity to learn what kind of support for FAIRification is needed from different communities and to develop teaching materials based on practical examples and experience.In this paper,we detail the three different structures of the BYODs and describe examples of early BYODs related to plant breeding data,and rare disease registries and biobanks,which have shaped the structure of the workshops.We discuss the latest insights into making BYODs more productive by leveraging our almost ten years of training experience in these workshops,including successes and encountered challenges.Finally,we examine how the participants'feedback has motivated the research on FAIR,including the development of workflows and software.
基金supported by grants from the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad(BFU2013-43458-R)Junta de Andalucia(P12-CTS-1694 and Proyexcel-00422)to ZUK。
文摘Memory deficit,which is often associated with aging and many psychiatric,neurological,and neurodegenerative diseases,has been a challenging issue for treatment.Up till now,all potential drug candidates have failed to produce satisfa ctory effects.Therefore,in the search for a solution,we found that a treatment with the gene corresponding to the RGS14414protein in visual area V2,a brain area connected with brain circuits of the ventral stream and the medial temporal lobe,which is crucial for object recognition memory(ORM),can induce enhancement of ORM.In this study,we demonstrated that the same treatment with RGS14414in visual area V2,which is relatively unaffected in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer s disease,produced longlasting enhancement of ORM in young animals and prevent ORM deficits in rodent models of aging and Alzheimer’s disease.Furthermore,we found that the prevention of memory deficits was mediated through the upregulation of neuronal arbo rization and spine density,as well as an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF).A knockdown of BDNF gene in RGS14414-treated aging rats and Alzheimer s disease model mice caused complete loss in the upregulation of neuronal structural plasticity and in the prevention of ORM deficits.These findings suggest that BDNF-mediated neuronal structural plasticity in area V2 is crucial in the prevention of memory deficits in RGS14414-treated rodent models of aging and Alzheimer’s disease.Therefore,our findings of RGS14414gene-mediated activation of neuronal circuits in visual area V2 have therapeutic relevance in the treatment of memory deficits.
