Dysregulated expression of microRNAs （miRNAs） in various tissues has been associated with a variety of diseases, including cancers. Here we demonstrate that miRNAs are present in the serum and plasma of humans and o...Dysregulated expression of microRNAs （miRNAs） in various tissues has been associated with a variety of diseases, including cancers. Here we demonstrate that miRNAs are present in the serum and plasma of humans and other animals such as mice, rats, bovine fetuses, calves, and horses. The levels of miRNAs in serum are stable, reproducible, and consistent among individuals of the same species. Employing Solexa, we sequenced all serum miRNAs of healthy Chinese subjects and found over 100 and 91 serum miRNAs in male and female subjects, respectively. We also identified specific expression patterns of serum miRNAs for lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and diabetes, providing evidence that serum miRNAs contain fingerprints for various diseases. Two non-small cell lung cancer-specific serum miRNAs obtained by Solexa were further validated in an independent trial of 75 healthy donors and 152 cancer patients, using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. Through these analyses, we conclude that serum miRNAs can serve as potential biomarkers for the detection of various cancers and other diseases.展开更多
There exist differences in the epidemiological characteristics,clinicopathological features,tumor biological characteristics,treatment patterns,and drug selections between gastric cancer patients from the Eastern and ...There exist differences in the epidemiological characteristics,clinicopathological features,tumor biological characteristics,treatment patterns,and drug selections between gastric cancer patients from the Eastern and Western countries.The Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology(CSCO)has organized a panel of senior experts specializing in all sub-specialties of gastric cancer to compile a clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer since 2016 and renews it annually.Taking into account regional differences,giving full consideration to the accessibility of diagnosis and treatment resources,these experts have conducted expert consensus judgment on relevant evidence and made various grades of recommendations for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer to reflect the value of cancer treatment and meeting health economic indexes in China.The 2021 CSCO Clinical Practice Guidelines for Gastric Cancer covers the diagnosis,treatment,follow-up,and screening of gastric cancer.Based on the 2020 version of the CSCO Chinese Gastric Cancer guidelines,this updated guideline integrates the results ofmajor clinical studies from China and overseas for the past year,focused on the inclusion of research data from the Chinese population for more personalized and clinically relevant recommendations.For the comprehensive treatment of non-metastatic gastric cancer,attentions were paid to neoadjuvant treatment.The value of perioperative chemotherapy is gradually becoming clearer and its recommendation level has been updated.For the comprehensive treatment of metastatic gastric cancer,recommendations for immunotherapy were included,and immune checkpoint inhibitors fromthird-line to the first-line of treatment for different patient groups with detailed notes are provided.展开更多
In December 2019, a new type viral pneumonia cases occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province;and then named "2019 novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV)" by the World Health Organization(WHO) on 12 January 2020. For it is a n...In December 2019, a new type viral pneumonia cases occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province;and then named "2019 novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV)" by the World Health Organization(WHO) on 12 January 2020. For it is a never been experienced respiratory disease before and with infection ability widely and quickly, it attracted the world’s attention but without treatment and control manual. For the request from frontline clinicians and public health professionals of 2019-nCoV infected pneumonia management, an evidence-based guideline urgently needs to be developed. Therefore, we drafted this guideline according to the rapid advice guidelines methodology and general rules of WHO guideline development;we also added the first-hand management data of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University. This guideline includes the guideline methodology, epidemiological characteristics, disease screening and population prevention, diagnosis, treatment and control(including traditional Chinese Medicine), nosocomial infection prevention and control, and disease nursing of the 2019-nCoV. Moreover, we also provide a whole process of a successful treatment case of the severe 2019-nCoV infected pneumonia and experience and lessons of hospital rescue for 2019-nCoV infections. This rapid advice guideline is suitable for the first frontline doctors and nurses, managers of hospitals and healthcare sections, community residents, public health persons, relevant researchers, and all person who are interested in the 2019-nCoV.展开更多
The article Extension Set and Non-compatible Problems was published in 1983. It proclaimed the birth of extension theory. Its objects of study are contradictory problems in the realistic world; its theoretical pillars...The article Extension Set and Non-compatible Problems was published in 1983. It proclaimed the birth of extension theory. Its objects of study are contradictory problems in the realistic world; its theoretical pillars are matter element theory and extension set theory. Its basic methods are extension methods. Its practical methods are extension engineering methods,展开更多
For the past several years, a novel dwarf disease has been observed on rice (Oryza sativa) in some regions of Guangdong Province and Hainan Province, southern China. Infected plants showed stunting, dark leaf and smal...For the past several years, a novel dwarf disease has been observed on rice (Oryza sativa) in some regions of Guangdong Province and Hainan Province, southern China. Infected plants showed stunting, dark leaf and small enations on stem and leaf back. Typical Fijivirus viroplasma containing crystalline arrayed spherical virons approximately 70―75 nm in diameter and tubular structures were detected in ultrathin sections by an electron microscope in parenchyma phloem cells of the infected plants. The virus was transmitted to rice seedlings by white-backed planthoppers, Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), collected in the diseased fields. Analysis of dsRNA extracts from infected plants revealed ten linear segments, which were similar to the electrophoretic profile of Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV). RT-PCR with a single primer which matched to a linker sequence ligated to both 3′ ends of the viral genomic dsRNAs resulted in amplification of genome segments 9 (S9) and 10 (S10) cDNA products. The complete nucleotide sequences of S9 and S10 were obtained from clones of the RT-PCR amplicon exhibited characteristic properties of Fijivirus including low GC content (34.5% and 35.6%), genus conserved 5′ and 3′ termini sequences and similar genome organization. Blast searches indicated that the sequences of S9 and S10 shared 68.8%―74.9% and 67.1%―77.4% nucleotide identities with those of viruses in the Fijivirus group 2, respectively. These values were similar to those among other viruses in the Fijivirus group 2 and considerably lower than those among RBSDV isolates. Phylogenetic trees based on S9 and S10 nucleotide sequences and their putative amino acid sequences showed that this virus represented a separate branch among other Fijiviruses. The virus was also detected by a nested RT-PCR assay in corn (Zea mays), barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli), Juncellus serotinus and flaccidgrass (Pennisetum flaccidum) in and/or adjacent to the infected rice fields. It is proposed that this virus be con展开更多
The 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake （Ms=8.0） struck on the Longmen Shan foreland thrust zone. The event took place within the context of long-term uplift of the Longmen Shan range as a result of the extensive eastwa...The 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake （Ms=8.0） struck on the Longmen Shan foreland thrust zone. The event took place within the context of long-term uplift of the Longmen Shan range as a result of the extensive eastward-extrusion of crustal materials from the Tibetan plateau against the rheologically strong crust of the Sichuan Basin. The Longmen Shan range is charac- terized by a Pre-Sinian crystalline complex constrained by the Maoxian-Wenchuan-Kangding ductile detach- ment at the western margin and the Yingxiu-Beichuan- Luding ductile thrust at the eastern margin. The Long- men Shan uplift was initiated by intracontinental sub- duction between the Songpan-Ganzi terrane and the Yangtze block during the Pre-Cenozoic. The uplift rate was increased considerably by the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates since -50 Ma. The Wenchuan earthquake resulted in two major NE-strik- ing coseismic ruptures （i.e., the -275 km long Yingxiu- Beichuan-Qingchuan fault and the -100 km long Anx- ian-Guanxian fault）. Field investigations combined with focal solutions and seismic reflection profiles suggest that the coseismic ruptures are steeply dipping close-to- pure reverse or right reverse oblique slip faults in the -15 km thick upper crust. These faults are unfavorably oriented for frictional slip in the horizontally compres- sional regime, so that they need a long recurrence interval to accumulate the tectonic stress and fluid pres- sure to critically high levels for the formation of strong earthquakes at a given locality. It is also found that all the large earthquakes （Ms〉7.0） occurred in the fault zones across which the horizontal movement velocities measured by the GPS are markedly low （〈3 mm/yr）. The faults, which constitute the northeastern fronts of the enlarging Tibetan plateau against the strong Sichuan Basin, Ala Shan and Ordos blocks, are very destructive, although their average recurrence intervals are generally long.展开更多
The irregular domain and lack of ordering make it challenging to design deep neural networks for point cloud processing.This paper presents a novel framework named Point Cloud Transformer(PCT)for point cloud learning....The irregular domain and lack of ordering make it challenging to design deep neural networks for point cloud processing.This paper presents a novel framework named Point Cloud Transformer(PCT)for point cloud learning.PCT is based on Transformer,which achieves huge success in natural language processing and displays great potential in image processing.It is inherently permutation invariant for processing a sequence of points,making it well-suited for point cloud learning.To better capture local context within the point cloud,we enhance input embedding with the support of farthest point sampling and nearest neighbor search.Extensive experiments demonstrate that the PCT achieves the state-of-the-art performance on shape classification,part segmentation,semantic segmentation,and normal estimation tasks.展开更多
Objective: A solid understanding of levels and trends of spending on cancer is important to evaluate whether our healthcare resources were wisely spent and to prioritize future resources for cancer treatment and preve...Objective: A solid understanding of levels and trends of spending on cancer is important to evaluate whether our healthcare resources were wisely spent and to prioritize future resources for cancer treatment and prevention. However, studies on economic burden of cancers in China are scant and the results are inconsistent. Methods: The Chinese hospital information database and nearly 350 million inpatient medical record data were used. As the ratios of cancer inpatient payments to total inpatient payments were mainly influenced by the grades and sites of hospitals, the estimates of payments of cancer inpatients in this study were stratified by hospital grades and provinces. Only the payments of cancer inpatients happened in grade 2, grade 3 and specialized cancer hospitals were included in the analyses. The total medical payments of cancers in China were estimated based on the ratios of outpatient payments to inpatient payments in specialized cancer hospitals. Results: From 2011 to 2015, the payments of cancer inpatients in China have increased by 84.1% and the total inpatient payments reached 177.1 billion RMB in 2015, accounting for 4.3% of the total health expenditure in China. Based on the ratio of outpatient payments to inpatient payments, the total payments on cancer treatments in China were estimated to be 221.4 billion RMB in 2015. Among different cancer types, the highest payments were the treatment of trachea, bronchus and lung cancer. The major cancer inpatient payments (67.1% in 2015) spent in grade 3 general hospitals and this ratio increased continually from 2011 to 2015. The expenditure of cancer treatments also varies by region with the major expenditure in the eastern region of China. Conclusions: This study estimated the total payments of cancer treatments in China and analyzed how the money was spent on cancer treatments in the recent 5 years, which would provide information for decision makings on the allocation of resources to service provisioning, prevention strategies, research funding, and 展开更多
A vortex is intuitively recognized as the rotational/swirling motion of fluids,but a rigorous and universally-accepted definition is still not available.Vorticity tube/filament has been regarded equivalent to a vortex...A vortex is intuitively recognized as the rotational/swirling motion of fluids,but a rigorous and universally-accepted definition is still not available.Vorticity tube/filament has been regarded equivalent to a vortex since Helmholtz proposed the concepts of vorticity tube/filament in 1858 and the vorticity-based methods can be categorized as the first generation of vortex identification methods.During the last three decades,a lot of vortex identification methods,including 0,A,and Aci criteria,have been proposed to overcome the problems associated with the vorticity-based methods.Most of these criteria are based on the Cauchy-Stokes decomposition and/or eigenvalues of the velocity gradient tensor and can be considered as the second generation of vortex identification methods.Starting from 2014,the Vortex and Turbulence Research Team at the University of Texas at Arlington(the UTA team)focus on the development of a new generation of vortex identification methods.The first fruit of this effort,a new Omega(/2)vortex identification method,which defined a vortex as a connected region where the vorticity overtakes the deformation,was published in 2016.In 2017 and 2018,a Liutex(previously called Rortex)vector was proposed to provide a mathematical definition of the local rigid rotation part of the fluid motion,including both the local rotational axis and the rotational strength.Liutex/Rortex is a new physical quantity with scalar,vector and tensor forms exactly representing the local rigid rotation of fluids.Meanwhile,a decomposition of the vorticity to a rotational part namely Liutex/Rortex and an anti-symmetric shear part(RS decomposition)was introduced in 2018,and a universal decomposition of the velocity gradient tensor to a rotation part(7?)and a non-rotation part(NR、was also given in 2018 as a counterpart of the traditional Cauchy-Stokes decomposition.Later in early 2019,a Liutex/Rortex based Omega method called Omega-Liutex,which combines the respective advantages of both Liutex/Rortex and Omega methods,was dev展开更多
The mainshock of April 20,2013 Sichuan Lushan MS7.0 earthquake was relocated using a 3-D velocity model.Double difference algorithm was applied to relocate aftershock sequences of Lushan earthquake.The locations of 24...The mainshock of April 20,2013 Sichuan Lushan MS7.0 earthquake was relocated using a 3-D velocity model.Double difference algorithm was applied to relocate aftershock sequences of Lushan earthquake.The locations of 2405 aftershocks were determined.The location errors in E-W,N-S and U-D direction were 0.30,0.29 and 0.59 km on average,respectively.The location of the mainshock is 102.983°E,30.291°N and the focal depth is 17.6 km.The relocation results show that the aftershocks spread approximately 35 km in length and 16 km in width.The dominant distribution of the focal depth ranges from 10 to 20 km.A few earthquakes occurred in the shallow crust.Focal depth profiles show fault planes dip to the northwest,manifested itself as a listric thrust fault.The dip angle is steep in the shallow crust and gentle in the deep crust.Although the epicenters of aftershocks distributed mainly along both sides of the Shuangshi-Dachuan fault,the seismogenic fault may be a blind thrust fault on the eastern side of the Shuangshi-Dachuan fault.Earthquake relocation results reveal that there is a southeastward tilt aftershock belt intersecting with the seismogenic fault with y-shape.We speculate it is a back thrust fault that often appears in a thrust fault system.Lushan earthquake triggered the seismic activity of the back thrust fault.展开更多
Contents1. General guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer2. Diagnostic principles for colorectal cancer2.1 Colorectal cancer screening of asymptomatic healthy population2.2 Basic diagnostic princi...Contents1. General guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer2. Diagnostic principles for colorectal cancer2.1 Colorectal cancer screening of asymptomatic healthy population2.2 Basic diagnostic principles2.2.1 Colorectal cancer diagnosis2.2.2 Appendix on colorectal cancer imaging staging and diagnosis2.3 Principles of pathological diagnosis2.4 Staging.展开更多
The expansion of inland Asia deserts has considerably influenced the environmental, social and economic activities in Asia. Aridification of inland Asia, especially timing of the initiation of Asian desertification, i...The expansion of inland Asia deserts has considerably influenced the environmental, social and economic activities in Asia. Aridification of inland Asia, especially timing of the initiation of Asian desertification, is a contentious topic in paleoclimatology. Late Cenozoic eolian loess-red clay sequences on the Chinese Loess Plateau, which possess abundant paleoclimatic and paleo-environmental information, can be regarded as an indicator of inland Asia desertification. Here we present a detailed magnetostratigraphic investigation of a new red clay sequence about 654 m in Zhuanglang located at the western Chinese Loess Plateau. Sedimentological, geochemical, mineralogical, and quartz morphological lines of evidence show that the red clay is of eolian origin. Magnetostratigraphic correlations indicate that this core sequence spans from 25.6 to 4.8 Ma, and typical eolian red clay appears as early as 25 Ma. This extends the lower limit of the red clay on the Chinese Loess Plateau from the previously thought early Miocene back into the late Oligocene. This new red clay record further implies that the inland Asia desertification was initiated at least by the late Oligocene. This sequence provides a unique high-resolution geological record for understanding the inland Asia desertification process since the late Oligocene.展开更多
Background Hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage （HICH） is a severe disease with high morbidity and mortality. Timely removal of the hematoma through surgical procedures may effectively reduce secondary injuries. Ho...Background Hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage （HICH） is a severe disease with high morbidity and mortality. Timely removal of the hematoma through surgical procedures may effectively reduce secondary injuries. However, there has long been a debate over the proper timing of such surgery. In this study, we explored the optimal operation time for HICH patients by observing the pathological changes in perihematomal brain regions during different stages of onset. Methods Twenty-five specimens of brain tissue, obtained from perihematomal region of HICH patients in different phases, were subjected to haematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine 5-triphosphate nick-end labeling （TUNEL） staining and Caspase-3, matrix metalloproteinases-9 （MMP-9） immunohistochemical staining. The changing roles of necrosis and apoptosis and the expression of MMP-9 and Caspase-3 positive cells were all observed using image analysis. Results The obvious expression of TUNEL positive cells was recognized within 6 hours of ICH onset, reaching its peak between 6 hours and 24 hours in the early phase. Results were highly consistent with Caspase-3 and MMP-9 positive cell counts. Necrosis was found 6 hours after ICH onset and aggravated after 12 hours. Conclusions In the early phase, apoptosis was seen as a major modality of injury in the brain tissue of the perihematomal region and was strongly correlated with the expression of MMP-9 and Caspase-3. The results of the present study suggest that an operation performed as soon as possible after ICH onset may be optimal for preserving the nervous system function.展开更多
Excessive use of agro-chemicals （such as mineral fertilizers） poses potential risks to soil quality. Application of organic amendments and reduction of inorganic fertilizer are economically feasible and environmenta...Excessive use of agro-chemicals （such as mineral fertilizers） poses potential risks to soil quality. Application of organic amendments and reduction of inorganic fertilizer are economically feasible and environmentally sound approaches to de- velop sustainable agriculture. This study investigated and evaluated the effects of mineral fertilizer reduction and partial substitution of organic amendment on soil fertility and heavy metal content in a 10-season continually planted vegetable field during 2009-2012. The experiment included four treatments： 100% chemical fertilizer （CF100）, 80% chemical fertilizer （CF80）, 60% chemical fertilizer and 20% organic fertilizer （CF60＋OM20）, and 40% chemical fertilizer and 40% organic fertilizer （CF40＋OM40）. Soil nutrients, enzyme activity and heavy metal content were determined. The results showed that single chemical fertilizer reduction （CF80） had no significant effect on soil organic matter content, soil catalase activity and soil heavy metal content, but slightly reduced soil available N, P, K, and soil urease activity, and significantly reduced soil acid phosphatase activity. Compared with CF100, 40 or 60% reduction of chemical fertilizer supplemented with organic fertilizer （CF60＋OM20, CF40＋OM40） significantly increased soil organic matter, soil catalase activity and urease activity especially in last several seasons, but reduced soil available P, K, and soil acid phosphatase activity. In addition, continu- ous application of organic fertilizer resulted in higher accumulation of Zn, Cd, and Cr in soil in the late stage of experiment, which may induce adverse effects on soil health and food safety.展开更多
AIM To evaluate the effects of Helicobacterpylori infection and other environmental factorson the development of gastric cancer.METHODS A population-based case-controlstudy was conducted in Changle County,FujianProvin...AIM To evaluate the effects of Helicobacterpylori infection and other environmental factorson the development of gastric cancer.METHODS A population-based case-controlstudy was conducted in Changle County,FujianProvince.The primary gastric cancer cases werehistologically confirmed or diagnosed by surgerybetween,January 1996 and March 1998.Healthycontrols were randomly selected and matched byage,sex,and neighborhood of residence.Atotal of 101 pairs were included in the study.Specially trained interviewers conducted face-to-face interviews with the subjects according toa standardized questionnaire.Helicobacterpylori infections were measured by serum IgGantibody to Helicobacter pylori.ConditionalLogistic Regression analysis was used.RESULTS The presence of IgG antibody toHelicobacter pylori was 63.7% in studysubjects,56.0% in patients with cardiac cancer,and 60.5% in patients with non-cardiac gastriccancer.The risk factors of gastric cancer inChangle County were identified such as loweducational level[OR=3.864;95% confidenceinterval(95% CI)1.604-9.311],lowconsumption of fresh vegetables(OR=4.925;95%Cl 1.356-17.885),high intake of fish sauce(OR=10.587;95% Cl 2.821-39.738),unscheduled meals(OR=4.254;95%Cl 1.445- 12.552),and Helicobacter pylori infection(OR=3.453;95%Cl 0.901-13.224).CONCLUSION Helicobacter pylori infectionmay be important in the etiology of gastriccancer,but major risk factors other thanHelicobacter pylori are responsible for the highgastric morbidity in Changle County.展开更多
Soil contamination in the vicinity of the Dabaoshan Mine, Guangdong Province, China, was studied through determi- nation of total concentrations and chemical speciation of the toxic metals, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb, using i...Soil contamination in the vicinity of the Dabaoshan Mine, Guangdong Province, China, was studied through determi- nation of total concentrations and chemical speciation of the toxic metals, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results showed that over the past decades, the environmental pollution was caused by a combination of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb, with tailings and acid mine drainage being the main pollution sources affecting soils. Significantly higher levels （P ≤ 0.05） of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb were found in the tailings as compared with paddy, garden, and control soils, with averages of 1486, 2516, 6.42, and 429 mg kg^-1, respectively. These metals were continuously dispersed downstream from the tallings and waste waters, and therefore their concentrations in the paddy soils were as high as 567, 1 140, 2.48, and 191 mg kg^-1, respectively, being significantly higher （P ≤ 0.05） as compared with those in the garden soils. The results of sequential extraction of the above metals from all the soil types showed that the residual fraction was the dominant form. However, the amounts of metals that were bound to Fe-Mn oxides and organic matter were relatively higher than those bound to carbonates or those that existed in exchangeable forms. As metals could be transformed from an inert state to an active state, the potential environmental risk due to these metals would increase with time.展开更多
Eclogite is first discovered from Qiang- tang area, central Tibet, which occurs as a lens in the high-pressure metamorphic belt comprising glauco- phane-muscovite schist and garnet-muscovite schist, along the south ma...Eclogite is first discovered from Qiang- tang area, central Tibet, which occurs as a lens in the high-pressure metamorphic belt comprising glauco- phane-muscovite schist and garnet-muscovite schist, along the south margin of Lungmu Co-Shuanghu Paleo-Tethys suture. A glaucophane 40Ar/39Ar age of 220 Ma and a phengite 40Ar/39Ar age of 221.9 Ma have been obtained from blueschists associated with eclogite. The rock consists of garnet, omphacite, amphibole, phengite, and rutile, etc, and the jadeite content in omphacite ranges from 32.7% to 38.95%. It is estimated that the temperature of the eclogite is <500℃ and pressure varies in the range of 1.56― 2.35 GPa. The discovery of Qiangtang ecologite fur- ther supports that there is a suture zone of Indo- Chinese epoch in central Qiangtang area, and is very important for discssing the evolution of the pa- leo-ocean and paleo-plate tectonics in this area.展开更多
MicroRNAs （miRNAs） are a class of short, endogenously-initiated non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally control gene expression via either translational repression or mRNA degradation. It is becoming evident tha...MicroRNAs （miRNAs） are a class of short, endogenously-initiated non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally control gene expression via either translational repression or mRNA degradation. It is becoming evident that miRNAs are playing significant roles in regulatory mechanisms operating in various organisms, including developmental timing and host-pathogen interactions as well as cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis and tumorigenesis. Likewise, as a regulatory element, miRNA itself is coordinatively modulated by multifarious effectors when carrying out basic functions, such as SNP, miRNA editing, methylation and circadian clock. This mini-review summarized the current understanding of interactions between miRNAs and their targets, including recent advancements in deciphering the regulatory mechanisms that control the biogenesis and functionality of miRNAs in various cellular processes.展开更多
This paper demonstrates capabilities of low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and microfocus X-ray computed tomography (μCT) in advanced, nondestructive, and quantitative characterization of pore types, producib...This paper demonstrates capabilities of low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and microfocus X-ray computed tomography (μCT) in advanced, nondestructive, and quantitative characterization of pore types, producible porosity, pore structure, and spatial disposition of pore-fractures in coals. Results show that the NMR transverse relaxation time (T2) at 0.5–2.5, 20–50, and 】100 ms correspond to pores of 【0.1 μm, 】0.1 μm, and fractures, respectively. A much higher T2 spectrum peak reflects a much better development of pores (or fractures) corresponding to the T2, and vice versa. Three basic components in coals, i.e., the pores (or fractures), coal matrix, and minerals have their distinctive range of CT numbers. Among these, the CT number of pores is commonly less than 600 HU. The producible porosity, which is a determination of permeability, can be calculated by T2 cutoff value (T2C) of coal NMR. The coal pore structure can be efficiently estimated by the newly proposed "T2C based model". Finally, μCT scan was proven capable of modeling and spatial visualization of pores and fractures.展开更多
Human induced pluripotent stem （iPS） cells are similar to embryonic stem （ES） cells, and can proliferate intensively and differentiate into a variety of cell types. However, the hepatic differentiation of human iP...Human induced pluripotent stem （iPS） cells are similar to embryonic stem （ES） cells, and can proliferate intensively and differentiate into a variety of cell types. However, the hepatic differentiation of human iPS cells has not yet been reported. In this report, human iPS cells were induced to differentiate into hepatic cells by a stepwise protocol. The expression of liver cell markers and liver-related functions of the human iPS cell-derived cells were monitored and compared with that of differentiated human ES cells and primary human hepatocytes. Approximately 60% of the differentiated human iPS cells at day 7 expressed hepatic markers alpha fetoprotein and Alb. The differentiated cells at day 21 exhibited liver cell functions including albumin Asecretion, glycogen synthesis, urea production and inducible cytochrome P450 activity. The expression of hepatic markers and fiver-related functions of the iPS cellderived hepatic ceils were comparable to that of the human ES cell-derived hepatic cells. These results show that human iPS cells, which are similar to human ES cells, can be efficiently induced to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells.展开更多
基金Acknowledgments We thank Drs Fengyong Liu and Sheng Luan at UC Berkeley, USA, for their discussion and help with the writing of the manuscript. This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （no. 30225037, 30471991, 30570731）, National Basic Research Program of China （973 Program） （no. 2006CB503909, 2004CB518603）, the ＂111＂ Project, and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province （no. BK2004082, BK2006714）.
文摘Dysregulated expression of microRNAs （miRNAs） in various tissues has been associated with a variety of diseases, including cancers. Here we demonstrate that miRNAs are present in the serum and plasma of humans and other animals such as mice, rats, bovine fetuses, calves, and horses. The levels of miRNAs in serum are stable, reproducible, and consistent among individuals of the same species. Employing Solexa, we sequenced all serum miRNAs of healthy Chinese subjects and found over 100 and 91 serum miRNAs in male and female subjects, respectively. We also identified specific expression patterns of serum miRNAs for lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and diabetes, providing evidence that serum miRNAs contain fingerprints for various diseases. Two non-small cell lung cancer-specific serum miRNAs obtained by Solexa were further validated in an independent trial of 75 healthy donors and 152 cancer patients, using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. Through these analyses, we conclude that serum miRNAs can serve as potential biomarkers for the detection of various cancers and other diseases.
文摘There exist differences in the epidemiological characteristics,clinicopathological features,tumor biological characteristics,treatment patterns,and drug selections between gastric cancer patients from the Eastern and Western countries.The Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology(CSCO)has organized a panel of senior experts specializing in all sub-specialties of gastric cancer to compile a clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer since 2016 and renews it annually.Taking into account regional differences,giving full consideration to the accessibility of diagnosis and treatment resources,these experts have conducted expert consensus judgment on relevant evidence and made various grades of recommendations for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer to reflect the value of cancer treatment and meeting health economic indexes in China.The 2021 CSCO Clinical Practice Guidelines for Gastric Cancer covers the diagnosis,treatment,follow-up,and screening of gastric cancer.Based on the 2020 version of the CSCO Chinese Gastric Cancer guidelines,this updated guideline integrates the results ofmajor clinical studies from China and overseas for the past year,focused on the inclusion of research data from the Chinese population for more personalized and clinically relevant recommendations.For the comprehensive treatment of non-metastatic gastric cancer,attentions were paid to neoadjuvant treatment.The value of perioperative chemotherapy is gradually becoming clearer and its recommendation level has been updated.For the comprehensive treatment of metastatic gastric cancer,recommendations for immunotherapy were included,and immune checkpoint inhibitors fromthird-line to the first-line of treatment for different patient groups with detailed notes are provided.
基金supported(in part)by the Entrusted Project of National Center for Medical Service Administration,National Health and Family Planning Commission China(No.[2019]099)the First Level Funding of the Second Medical Leading Talent Project in Hubei Provincethe Special Project for Emergency of the Ministry of Science and Technology(2020YFC0841300)。
文摘In December 2019, a new type viral pneumonia cases occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province;and then named "2019 novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV)" by the World Health Organization(WHO) on 12 January 2020. For it is a never been experienced respiratory disease before and with infection ability widely and quickly, it attracted the world’s attention but without treatment and control manual. For the request from frontline clinicians and public health professionals of 2019-nCoV infected pneumonia management, an evidence-based guideline urgently needs to be developed. Therefore, we drafted this guideline according to the rapid advice guidelines methodology and general rules of WHO guideline development;we also added the first-hand management data of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University. This guideline includes the guideline methodology, epidemiological characteristics, disease screening and population prevention, diagnosis, treatment and control(including traditional Chinese Medicine), nosocomial infection prevention and control, and disease nursing of the 2019-nCoV. Moreover, we also provide a whole process of a successful treatment case of the severe 2019-nCoV infected pneumonia and experience and lessons of hospital rescue for 2019-nCoV infections. This rapid advice guideline is suitable for the first frontline doctors and nurses, managers of hospitals and healthcare sections, community residents, public health persons, relevant researchers, and all person who are interested in the 2019-nCoV.
文摘The article Extension Set and Non-compatible Problems was published in 1983. It proclaimed the birth of extension theory. Its objects of study are contradictory problems in the realistic world; its theoretical pillars are matter element theory and extension set theory. Its basic methods are extension methods. Its practical methods are extension engineering methods,
基金the Guangdong Provincial Department of Science and Technology (Grant No. 2003B21604)Natural Science Foundation of Guandong Province (Grant No. 5006669)Agricultural Department of Hainan Province
文摘For the past several years, a novel dwarf disease has been observed on rice (Oryza sativa) in some regions of Guangdong Province and Hainan Province, southern China. Infected plants showed stunting, dark leaf and small enations on stem and leaf back. Typical Fijivirus viroplasma containing crystalline arrayed spherical virons approximately 70―75 nm in diameter and tubular structures were detected in ultrathin sections by an electron microscope in parenchyma phloem cells of the infected plants. The virus was transmitted to rice seedlings by white-backed planthoppers, Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), collected in the diseased fields. Analysis of dsRNA extracts from infected plants revealed ten linear segments, which were similar to the electrophoretic profile of Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV). RT-PCR with a single primer which matched to a linker sequence ligated to both 3′ ends of the viral genomic dsRNAs resulted in amplification of genome segments 9 (S9) and 10 (S10) cDNA products. The complete nucleotide sequences of S9 and S10 were obtained from clones of the RT-PCR amplicon exhibited characteristic properties of Fijivirus including low GC content (34.5% and 35.6%), genus conserved 5′ and 3′ termini sequences and similar genome organization. Blast searches indicated that the sequences of S9 and S10 shared 68.8%―74.9% and 67.1%―77.4% nucleotide identities with those of viruses in the Fijivirus group 2, respectively. These values were similar to those among other viruses in the Fijivirus group 2 and considerably lower than those among RBSDV isolates. Phylogenetic trees based on S9 and S10 nucleotide sequences and their putative amino acid sequences showed that this virus represented a separate branch among other Fijiviruses. The virus was also detected by a nested RT-PCR assay in corn (Zea mays), barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli), Juncellus serotinus and flaccidgrass (Pennisetum flaccidum) in and/or adjacent to the infected rice fields. It is proposed that this virus be con
文摘The 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake （Ms=8.0） struck on the Longmen Shan foreland thrust zone. The event took place within the context of long-term uplift of the Longmen Shan range as a result of the extensive eastward-extrusion of crustal materials from the Tibetan plateau against the rheologically strong crust of the Sichuan Basin. The Longmen Shan range is charac- terized by a Pre-Sinian crystalline complex constrained by the Maoxian-Wenchuan-Kangding ductile detach- ment at the western margin and the Yingxiu-Beichuan- Luding ductile thrust at the eastern margin. The Long- men Shan uplift was initiated by intracontinental sub- duction between the Songpan-Ganzi terrane and the Yangtze block during the Pre-Cenozoic. The uplift rate was increased considerably by the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates since -50 Ma. The Wenchuan earthquake resulted in two major NE-strik- ing coseismic ruptures （i.e., the -275 km long Yingxiu- Beichuan-Qingchuan fault and the -100 km long Anx- ian-Guanxian fault）. Field investigations combined with focal solutions and seismic reflection profiles suggest that the coseismic ruptures are steeply dipping close-to- pure reverse or right reverse oblique slip faults in the -15 km thick upper crust. These faults are unfavorably oriented for frictional slip in the horizontally compres- sional regime, so that they need a long recurrence interval to accumulate the tectonic stress and fluid pres- sure to critically high levels for the formation of strong earthquakes at a given locality. It is also found that all the large earthquakes （Ms〉7.0） occurred in the fault zones across which the horizontal movement velocities measured by the GPS are markedly low （〈3 mm/yr）. The faults, which constitute the northeastern fronts of the enlarging Tibetan plateau against the strong Sichuan Basin, Ala Shan and Ordos blocks, are very destructive, although their average recurrence intervals are generally long.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project Number 61521002)the Joint NSFC–DFG Research Program(Project Number 61761136018).
文摘The irregular domain and lack of ordering make it challenging to design deep neural networks for point cloud processing.This paper presents a novel framework named Point Cloud Transformer(PCT)for point cloud learning.PCT is based on Transformer,which achieves huge success in natural language processing and displays great potential in image processing.It is inherently permutation invariant for processing a sequence of points,making it well-suited for point cloud learning.To better capture local context within the point cloud,we enhance input embedding with the support of farthest point sampling and nearest neighbor search.Extensive experiments demonstrate that the PCT achieves the state-of-the-art performance on shape classification,part segmentation,semantic segmentation,and normal estimation tasks.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.71403189)
文摘Objective: A solid understanding of levels and trends of spending on cancer is important to evaluate whether our healthcare resources were wisely spent and to prioritize future resources for cancer treatment and prevention. However, studies on economic burden of cancers in China are scant and the results are inconsistent. Methods: The Chinese hospital information database and nearly 350 million inpatient medical record data were used. As the ratios of cancer inpatient payments to total inpatient payments were mainly influenced by the grades and sites of hospitals, the estimates of payments of cancer inpatients in this study were stratified by hospital grades and provinces. Only the payments of cancer inpatients happened in grade 2, grade 3 and specialized cancer hospitals were included in the analyses. The total medical payments of cancers in China were estimated based on the ratios of outpatient payments to inpatient payments in specialized cancer hospitals. Results: From 2011 to 2015, the payments of cancer inpatients in China have increased by 84.1% and the total inpatient payments reached 177.1 billion RMB in 2015, accounting for 4.3% of the total health expenditure in China. Based on the ratio of outpatient payments to inpatient payments, the total payments on cancer treatments in China were estimated to be 221.4 billion RMB in 2015. Among different cancer types, the highest payments were the treatment of trachea, bronchus and lung cancer. The major cancer inpatient payments (67.1% in 2015) spent in grade 3 general hospitals and this ratio increased continually from 2011 to 2015. The expenditure of cancer treatments also varies by region with the major expenditure in the eastern region of China. Conclusions: This study estimated the total payments of cancer treatments in China and analyzed how the money was spent on cancer treatments in the recent 5 years, which would provide information for decision makings on the allocation of resources to service provisioning, prevention strategies, research funding, and
文摘A vortex is intuitively recognized as the rotational/swirling motion of fluids,but a rigorous and universally-accepted definition is still not available.Vorticity tube/filament has been regarded equivalent to a vortex since Helmholtz proposed the concepts of vorticity tube/filament in 1858 and the vorticity-based methods can be categorized as the first generation of vortex identification methods.During the last three decades,a lot of vortex identification methods,including 0,A,and Aci criteria,have been proposed to overcome the problems associated with the vorticity-based methods.Most of these criteria are based on the Cauchy-Stokes decomposition and/or eigenvalues of the velocity gradient tensor and can be considered as the second generation of vortex identification methods.Starting from 2014,the Vortex and Turbulence Research Team at the University of Texas at Arlington(the UTA team)focus on the development of a new generation of vortex identification methods.The first fruit of this effort,a new Omega(/2)vortex identification method,which defined a vortex as a connected region where the vorticity overtakes the deformation,was published in 2016.In 2017 and 2018,a Liutex(previously called Rortex)vector was proposed to provide a mathematical definition of the local rigid rotation part of the fluid motion,including both the local rotational axis and the rotational strength.Liutex/Rortex is a new physical quantity with scalar,vector and tensor forms exactly representing the local rigid rotation of fluids.Meanwhile,a decomposition of the vorticity to a rotational part namely Liutex/Rortex and an anti-symmetric shear part(RS decomposition)was introduced in 2018,and a universal decomposition of the velocity gradient tensor to a rotation part(7?)and a non-rotation part(NR、was also given in 2018 as a counterpart of the traditional Cauchy-Stokes decomposition.Later in early 2019,a Liutex/Rortex based Omega method called Omega-Liutex,which combines the respective advantages of both Liutex/Rortex and Omega methods,was dev
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41074068)the National Science and Technology Support Program(2012BAK19B01)China National Special Fund for Earthquake Scientific Research in Public Interest(201308013)and Scientific Investigation of April 20,2013 M7.0 Lushan,Sichuan Earthquake
文摘The mainshock of April 20,2013 Sichuan Lushan MS7.0 earthquake was relocated using a 3-D velocity model.Double difference algorithm was applied to relocate aftershock sequences of Lushan earthquake.The locations of 2405 aftershocks were determined.The location errors in E-W,N-S and U-D direction were 0.30,0.29 and 0.59 km on average,respectively.The location of the mainshock is 102.983°E,30.291°N and the focal depth is 17.6 km.The relocation results show that the aftershocks spread approximately 35 km in length and 16 km in width.The dominant distribution of the focal depth ranges from 10 to 20 km.A few earthquakes occurred in the shallow crust.Focal depth profiles show fault planes dip to the northwest,manifested itself as a listric thrust fault.The dip angle is steep in the shallow crust and gentle in the deep crust.Although the epicenters of aftershocks distributed mainly along both sides of the Shuangshi-Dachuan fault,the seismogenic fault may be a blind thrust fault on the eastern side of the Shuangshi-Dachuan fault.Earthquake relocation results reveal that there is a southeastward tilt aftershock belt intersecting with the seismogenic fault with y-shape.We speculate it is a back thrust fault that often appears in a thrust fault system.Lushan earthquake triggered the seismic activity of the back thrust fault.
文摘Contents1. General guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer2. Diagnostic principles for colorectal cancer2.1 Colorectal cancer screening of asymptomatic healthy population2.2 Basic diagnostic principles2.2.1 Colorectal cancer diagnosis2.2.2 Appendix on colorectal cancer imaging staging and diagnosis2.3 Principles of pathological diagnosis2.4 Staging.
基金supported by National Basic Research Program of China (Grants Nos. 2010CB833400, 2004CB720200)Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX2-YW-Q09-04)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants Nos. 41072142, 40921120406 and 40772116)State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG)
文摘The expansion of inland Asia deserts has considerably influenced the environmental, social and economic activities in Asia. Aridification of inland Asia, especially timing of the initiation of Asian desertification, is a contentious topic in paleoclimatology. Late Cenozoic eolian loess-red clay sequences on the Chinese Loess Plateau, which possess abundant paleoclimatic and paleo-environmental information, can be regarded as an indicator of inland Asia desertification. Here we present a detailed magnetostratigraphic investigation of a new red clay sequence about 654 m in Zhuanglang located at the western Chinese Loess Plateau. Sedimentological, geochemical, mineralogical, and quartz morphological lines of evidence show that the red clay is of eolian origin. Magnetostratigraphic correlations indicate that this core sequence spans from 25.6 to 4.8 Ma, and typical eolian red clay appears as early as 25 Ma. This extends the lower limit of the red clay on the Chinese Loess Plateau from the previously thought early Miocene back into the late Oligocene. This new red clay record further implies that the inland Asia desertification was initiated at least by the late Oligocene. This sequence provides a unique high-resolution geological record for understanding the inland Asia desertification process since the late Oligocene.
文摘Background Hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage （HICH） is a severe disease with high morbidity and mortality. Timely removal of the hematoma through surgical procedures may effectively reduce secondary injuries. However, there has long been a debate over the proper timing of such surgery. In this study, we explored the optimal operation time for HICH patients by observing the pathological changes in perihematomal brain regions during different stages of onset. Methods Twenty-five specimens of brain tissue, obtained from perihematomal region of HICH patients in different phases, were subjected to haematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine 5-triphosphate nick-end labeling （TUNEL） staining and Caspase-3, matrix metalloproteinases-9 （MMP-9） immunohistochemical staining. The changing roles of necrosis and apoptosis and the expression of MMP-9 and Caspase-3 positive cells were all observed using image analysis. Results The obvious expression of TUNEL positive cells was recognized within 6 hours of ICH onset, reaching its peak between 6 hours and 24 hours in the early phase. Results were highly consistent with Caspase-3 and MMP-9 positive cell counts. Necrosis was found 6 hours after ICH onset and aggravated after 12 hours. Conclusions In the early phase, apoptosis was seen as a major modality of injury in the brain tissue of the perihematomal region and was strongly correlated with the expression of MMP-9 and Caspase-3. The results of the present study suggest that an operation performed as soon as possible after ICH onset may be optimal for preserving the nervous system function.
基金financially supported by grants of the Key Projects in the Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-Year Plan period(2012BAD14B00)the Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Plan Key Project,China(2012A020100003,2015A050502043)
文摘Excessive use of agro-chemicals （such as mineral fertilizers） poses potential risks to soil quality. Application of organic amendments and reduction of inorganic fertilizer are economically feasible and environmentally sound approaches to de- velop sustainable agriculture. This study investigated and evaluated the effects of mineral fertilizer reduction and partial substitution of organic amendment on soil fertility and heavy metal content in a 10-season continually planted vegetable field during 2009-2012. The experiment included four treatments： 100% chemical fertilizer （CF100）, 80% chemical fertilizer （CF80）, 60% chemical fertilizer and 20% organic fertilizer （CF60＋OM20）, and 40% chemical fertilizer and 40% organic fertilizer （CF40＋OM40）. Soil nutrients, enzyme activity and heavy metal content were determined. The results showed that single chemical fertilizer reduction （CF80） had no significant effect on soil organic matter content, soil catalase activity and soil heavy metal content, but slightly reduced soil available N, P, K, and soil urease activity, and significantly reduced soil acid phosphatase activity. Compared with CF100, 40 or 60% reduction of chemical fertilizer supplemented with organic fertilizer （CF60＋OM20, CF40＋OM40） significantly increased soil organic matter, soil catalase activity and urease activity especially in last several seasons, but reduced soil available P, K, and soil acid phosphatase activity. In addition, continu- ous application of organic fertilizer resulted in higher accumulation of Zn, Cd, and Cr in soil in the late stage of experiment, which may induce adverse effects on soil health and food safety.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,China,No.K98031
文摘AIM To evaluate the effects of Helicobacterpylori infection and other environmental factorson the development of gastric cancer.METHODS A population-based case-controlstudy was conducted in Changle County,FujianProvince.The primary gastric cancer cases werehistologically confirmed or diagnosed by surgerybetween,January 1996 and March 1998.Healthycontrols were randomly selected and matched byage,sex,and neighborhood of residence.Atotal of 101 pairs were included in the study.Specially trained interviewers conducted face-to-face interviews with the subjects according toa standardized questionnaire.Helicobacterpylori infections were measured by serum IgGantibody to Helicobacter pylori.ConditionalLogistic Regression analysis was used.RESULTS The presence of IgG antibody toHelicobacter pylori was 63.7% in studysubjects,56.0% in patients with cardiac cancer,and 60.5% in patients with non-cardiac gastriccancer.The risk factors of gastric cancer inChangle County were identified such as loweducational level[OR=3.864;95% confidenceinterval(95% CI)1.604-9.311],lowconsumption of fresh vegetables(OR=4.925;95%Cl 1.356-17.885),high intake of fish sauce(OR=10.587;95% Cl 2.821-39.738),unscheduled meals(OR=4.254;95%Cl 1.445- 12.552),and Helicobacter pylori infection(OR=3.453;95%Cl 0.901-13.224).CONCLUSION Helicobacter pylori infectionmay be important in the etiology of gastriccancer,but major risk factors other thanHelicobacter pylori are responsible for the highgastric morbidity in Changle County.
基金Project supported by the Guangdong Environmental Protection Bureau of China (No.2001-27)Guangdong Provincial Department of Science and Technology,China (No.2004A30308002)State Key Laboratory of Environment Geochemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘Soil contamination in the vicinity of the Dabaoshan Mine, Guangdong Province, China, was studied through determi- nation of total concentrations and chemical speciation of the toxic metals, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results showed that over the past decades, the environmental pollution was caused by a combination of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb, with tailings and acid mine drainage being the main pollution sources affecting soils. Significantly higher levels （P ≤ 0.05） of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb were found in the tailings as compared with paddy, garden, and control soils, with averages of 1486, 2516, 6.42, and 429 mg kg^-1, respectively. These metals were continuously dispersed downstream from the tallings and waste waters, and therefore their concentrations in the paddy soils were as high as 567, 1 140, 2.48, and 191 mg kg^-1, respectively, being significantly higher （P ≤ 0.05） as compared with those in the garden soils. The results of sequential extraction of the above metals from all the soil types showed that the residual fraction was the dominant form. However, the amounts of metals that were bound to Fe-Mn oxides and organic matter were relatively higher than those bound to carbonates or those that existed in exchangeable forms. As metals could be transformed from an inert state to an active state, the potential environmental risk due to these metals would increase with time.
文摘Eclogite is first discovered from Qiang- tang area, central Tibet, which occurs as a lens in the high-pressure metamorphic belt comprising glauco- phane-muscovite schist and garnet-muscovite schist, along the south margin of Lungmu Co-Shuanghu Paleo-Tethys suture. A glaucophane 40Ar/39Ar age of 220 Ma and a phengite 40Ar/39Ar age of 221.9 Ma have been obtained from blueschists associated with eclogite. The rock consists of garnet, omphacite, amphibole, phengite, and rutile, etc, and the jadeite content in omphacite ranges from 32.7% to 38.95%. It is estimated that the temperature of the eclogite is <500℃ and pressure varies in the range of 1.56― 2.35 GPa. The discovery of Qiangtang ecologite fur- ther supports that there is a suture zone of Indo- Chinese epoch in central Qiangtang area, and is very important for discssing the evolution of the pa- leo-ocean and paleo-plate tectonics in this area.
文摘MicroRNAs （miRNAs） are a class of short, endogenously-initiated non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally control gene expression via either translational repression or mRNA degradation. It is becoming evident that miRNAs are playing significant roles in regulatory mechanisms operating in various organisms, including developmental timing and host-pathogen interactions as well as cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis and tumorigenesis. Likewise, as a regulatory element, miRNA itself is coordinatively modulated by multifarious effectors when carrying out basic functions, such as SNP, miRNA editing, methylation and circadian clock. This mini-review summarized the current understanding of interactions between miRNAs and their targets, including recent advancements in deciphering the regulatory mechanisms that control the biogenesis and functionality of miRNAs in various cellular processes.
基金supported by National Major Research Program for Science and Technology of China (Grant Nos. 2008ZX05034-01 and 2008ZX05062-001)National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2009CB219604)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40972107)Petro China Innovation Foundation (Grant No. 2008D-5006-01-04)Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (Grant No. IRT0864)
文摘This paper demonstrates capabilities of low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and microfocus X-ray computed tomography (μCT) in advanced, nondestructive, and quantitative characterization of pore types, producible porosity, pore structure, and spatial disposition of pore-fractures in coals. Results show that the NMR transverse relaxation time (T2) at 0.5–2.5, 20–50, and 】100 ms correspond to pores of 【0.1 μm, 】0.1 μm, and fractures, respectively. A much higher T2 spectrum peak reflects a much better development of pores (or fractures) corresponding to the T2, and vice versa. Three basic components in coals, i.e., the pores (or fractures), coal matrix, and minerals have their distinctive range of CT numbers. Among these, the CT number of pores is commonly less than 600 HU. The producible porosity, which is a determination of permeability, can be calculated by T2 cutoff value (T2C) of coal NMR. The coal pore structure can be efficiently estimated by the newly proposed "T2C based model". Finally, μCT scan was proven capable of modeling and spatial visualization of pores and fractures.
基金We thank Dr Zicai Liang and Huang Huang （Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University） for their kind help with BioTek Multi-Detection Microplate Reader and Yizhe Zhang for technical support on real-time PCR. We also thank Chengyan Wang, Pengbo Zhang, Pingping Hou, Haisong Liu, Chun Liu and other colleagues in our laboratory for technical assistance and advice in carrying out these experiments. This study was supported by a Bill ＆ Melinda Gates Foundation Grant （37871）, a Ministry of Education grant （705001）, the National Basic Research Program of China （973 program, 2009CB522502, 2009CB941200 and 2007CB947901）, National Natural Science Foundation of China for Creative Research Groups （30421004）, the Chinese Science and Technology Key Project （2008zx10002-014, 2008zx10002- 011 and 2009ZX 10004-403） and a 111 Project to Deng H.
文摘Human induced pluripotent stem （iPS） cells are similar to embryonic stem （ES） cells, and can proliferate intensively and differentiate into a variety of cell types. However, the hepatic differentiation of human iPS cells has not yet been reported. In this report, human iPS cells were induced to differentiate into hepatic cells by a stepwise protocol. The expression of liver cell markers and liver-related functions of the human iPS cell-derived cells were monitored and compared with that of differentiated human ES cells and primary human hepatocytes. Approximately 60% of the differentiated human iPS cells at day 7 expressed hepatic markers alpha fetoprotein and Alb. The differentiated cells at day 21 exhibited liver cell functions including albumin Asecretion, glycogen synthesis, urea production and inducible cytochrome P450 activity. The expression of hepatic markers and fiver-related functions of the iPS cellderived hepatic ceils were comparable to that of the human ES cell-derived hepatic cells. These results show that human iPS cells, which are similar to human ES cells, can be efficiently induced to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells.
