SiO2–BN ceramic and Ti plate were joined by active brazing in vacuum with Ag–Cu–Ti＋BN composite filler.The effect of BN content,brazing temperature and time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the b...SiO2–BN ceramic and Ti plate were joined by active brazing in vacuum with Ag–Cu–Ti＋BN composite filler.The effect of BN content,brazing temperature and time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the brazed joints was investigated.The results showed that a continuous Ti N–Ti B2reaction layer formed adjacent to the SiO2–BN ceramic,whose thickness played a key role in the bonding properties.Four Ti–Cu compound layers,Ti2Cu,Ti3Cu4,Ti Cu2and Ti Cu4,were observed to border Ti substrate due to the strong affinity of Ti and Cu compared with Ag.The central part of the joint was composed of Ag matrix,over which some fine-grains distributed.The added BN particles reacted with Ti in the liquid filler to form fine Ti B whiskers and Ti N particles with low coefficients of thermal expansion（CTE）,leading to the reduction of detrimental residual stress in the joint,and thus improving the joint strength.The maximum shear strength of 31 MPa was obtained when 3 wt%BN was added in the composite filler,which was 158%higher than that brazed with single Ag–Cu–Ti filler metal.The morphology and thickness of the reaction layer adjacent to the parent materials changed correspondingly with the increase of BN content,brazing temperature and holding time.Based on the correlation between the microstructural evolution and brazing parameters,the bonding mechanism of SiO2–BN and Ti was discussed.展开更多
Two sets of experimental data of piezo-catalytic degradations are adapted to fit with three-parameter Mittag–Leffler functions.One set is degradation on methyl orange(MO)using catalysis of nano-sized barium titanates...Two sets of experimental data of piezo-catalytic degradations are adapted to fit with three-parameter Mittag–Leffler functions.One set is degradation on methyl orange(MO)using catalysis of nano-sized barium titanates,and another set is on Rhodamine-B(RhB)using molybdenum disulfide nano-flowers as catalysts.The fitting results suggest that these piezo-catalytic degradations can be described either as Davidson–Cole type response function or Havriliak–Negami type of dielectric relaxation.This work confirms completely the universality in chemical reaction kinetics,which can be described by fractional differential equations with Mittag–Leffler functions as their solutions.展开更多
In this paper,photocatalytic degradation processes of different materials are fitted to the first-order kinetic model,second-order kinetic model and fractional first-order kinetic model.Deterministic coefficients are ...In this paper,photocatalytic degradation processes of different materials are fitted to the first-order kinetic model,second-order kinetic model and fractional first-order kinetic model.Deterministic coefficients are calculated for the evaluation of the validity of these models.The fitting results show clearly that the degradation process can fit the fractional first-order kinetic model in a very good manner.In this way,two material parameters can be well defined.One is the degradation time,which can be used to describe the photocatalytic degradation process quantitatively.Another is the order of the derivative,which could be related to the material’s microstructure.展开更多
Photocatalytic degradation processes of different materials are fitted with Mittag-Leffler function and incomplete gamma function,which are response functions for Cole–Cole relaxation and Davidson–Cole relaxation.Th...Photocatalytic degradation processes of different materials are fitted with Mittag-Leffler function and incomplete gamma function,which are response functions for Cole–Cole relaxation and Davidson–Cole relaxation.The fitting results show that both functions can fit experimental data fairly well.The order of derivative in the kinetic differential equations can be either less,or greater than one.In the case of the order of derivative is greater than one,only incomplete gamma function is reasonable for describing the photocatalytic degradation.This work further confirms the existence of the universality in photocatalytic degradation kinetics.展开更多
Photocatalytic degradation kinetics of Jurlewicz-Weron-Stanislavsky(JWS)type has been identified.Experimental data are taken from previous published works,and fitted with the JWS relaxation function as well as that of...Photocatalytic degradation kinetics of Jurlewicz-Weron-Stanislavsky(JWS)type has been identified.Experimental data are taken from previous published works,and fitted with the JWS relaxation function as well as that of the Havriliak-Negami(HN)model.All experimental data can fit with either model fairly good.From the fitting parameters,the Jonscher indices are calculated and Jonscher diagram is plotted for the chemical kinetics of photocatalytic degradations.This work suggests that material parameters of photocatalysts can be well defined in the sense of fractional calculus.展开更多
Two parameters are proposed as Jonscher indices,named after A.K.Jonscher for his pioneering contribution to the universal dielectric relaxation law.Time domain universal dielectric relaxation law is then obtained from...Two parameters are proposed as Jonscher indices,named after A.K.Jonscher for his pioneering contribution to the universal dielectric relaxation law.Time domain universal dielectric relaxation law is then obtained from the asymptotic behavior of dielectric response function and relaxation function by replacing parameters in Mittag–Leffler functions with Jonscher indices.Relaxation types can be easily determined from experimental data of discharge current in barium stannate titanate after their Jonscher indices are determined.展开更多
The photocatalytic water splitting kinetics has been analyzed in this paper.The experimental data are taken from the published works and fitted with different theoretical models.From the results,we find that the photo...The photocatalytic water splitting kinetics has been analyzed in this paper.The experimental data are taken from the published works and fitted with different theoretical models.From the results,we find that the photocatalytic kinetics of water splitting can be described by Capelas-Mainardi-Vaz(CMV)model very well.This suggests that the water splitting kinetics can be regarded as a fractional first-order kinetics of the chemical reaction.Also,we notice that photocatalytic water splitting is not always completely a monotone kinetics process.展开更多
在龙门山西南段,汶川和芦山两次地震之间地震空区产生的物理机制及其未来的地震活动性仍然是亟需进一步研究的问题。现有研究结果也无法完全解释地震空区挤压应变/应力的调节模式。我们使用Match and Locate方法获取了2015年5月至12月...在龙门山西南段,汶川和芦山两次地震之间地震空区产生的物理机制及其未来的地震活动性仍然是亟需进一步研究的问题。现有研究结果也无法完全解释地震空区挤压应变/应力的调节模式。我们使用Match and Locate方法获取了2015年5月至12月时段内空区及邻区的详细的背景地震目录,完备性震级为M_c=0.2,微震的时空分布特征凸显了小震级事件的丛集(簇)特征。在深度域上,微震在空区两端的优势深度存在明显差异,南端深于北端,表明空区作为汶川和芦山两次地震破裂的转换带。我们的微震探测结果表明空区存在明显的微震"亏空",否定了其通过微地震释放累积应力的调节模式。我们发现该区域内,不同震级范围内的背景地震活动性都与降雨变化率存在明显的反相关关系。在夏、秋季节,地震活动性极值滞后于降水极值1～2个月,库仑模型计算表明增强的地震活动性很可能被浅地表含水量的减少所触发,季节性降水在一定程度上调节了背景地震活动性。相较于震级大于3.0的背景地震,背景微震对降水的变化具有更敏感的响应,这可能由其更短的起始周期所致。展开更多
In this paper, we propose a simpleyet-effective method for isotropic meshing relying on Euclidean distance transformation based centroidal Voronoi tessellation(CVT). Our approach improves the performance and robustnes...In this paper, we propose a simpleyet-effective method for isotropic meshing relying on Euclidean distance transformation based centroidal Voronoi tessellation(CVT). Our approach improves the performance and robustness of computing CVT on curved domains while simultaneously providing highquality output meshes. While conventional extrinsic methods compute CVTs in the entire volume bounded by the input model, we restrict the computation to a 3D shell of user-controlled thickness. Taking voxels which contain surface samples as sites, we compute the exact Euclidean distance transform on the GPU. Our algorithm is parallel and memory-efficient,and can construct the shell space for resolutions up to 20483 at interactive speed. The 3D centroidal Voronoi tessellation and restricted Voronoi diagrams are also computed efficiently on the GPU. Since the shell space can bridge holes and gaps smaller than a certain tolerance, and tolerate non-manifold edges and degenerate triangles, our algorithm can handle models with such defects, which typically cause conventional remeshing methods to fail. Our method can process implicit surfaces, polyhedral surfaces, and point clouds in a unified framework. Computational results show that our GPU-based isotropic meshing algorithm produces results comparable to state-ofthe-art techniques, but is significantly faster than conventional CPU-based implementations.展开更多
In order to obtain both high piezoelectric property and good temperature stability in BaTiO_(3)-based ceramics in the common usage temperature range,Sn4þand Zr4þare co-doped into BaTiO3 ceramics according to...In order to obtain both high piezoelectric property and good temperature stability in BaTiO_(3)-based ceramics in the common usage temperature range,Sn4þand Zr4þare co-doped into BaTiO3 ceramics according to the formula of Ba(Ti_(0.96)Sn_(x)Zr_(0.04-x))O_(3)(BTSZ)(x=0.01-0.4)with 1 mol%CuO being added as sintering-aid in this study.The CuO-modified BTSZ ceramics show both high piezoelectric properties and good temperature stability.Particularly,the CuO-modified Ba(Ti_(0.96)Sn_(x)Zr_(0.04-x))O_(3)ceramic displays the high piezoelectric properties of d_(33)=350 pC/N,k_(p)=49.5%at room-temperature and a weak temperature dependence of kp in the temperature range of15C and 60C.Moreover,the CuO-modified Ba(Ti_(0.96)Sn_(x)Zr_(0.04-x))O_(3)ceramic shows stable thermal aging behavior with the d33 being almost unchanged until the aging temperature of 100C,which is even higher than its Curie temperature.The high piezoelectric properties of CuO-modified Ba(Ti_(0.96)Sn_(x)Zr_(0.04-x))O_(3)ceramic were ascribed to the dense microstructure with small and uniform grain size distribution.The stable thermal aging behavior can be explained by the aging effect based on the defect dipolar model.展开更多
In this article,two concepts of temperature,i.e.,Bums temperature for relaxor ferroelectrics andquantum temperature scale for quantum paraelectrics,are reviewed briefly.Since both tem-peratures describe the deviation ...In this article,two concepts of temperature,i.e.,Bums temperature for relaxor ferroelectrics andquantum temperature scale for quantum paraelectrics,are reviewed briefly.Since both tem-peratures describe the deviation of the dielectric constant from Curie-Weiss law,their re-lationship is discussed.Finally the concept of quantum temperature scale is extended todemonstrate the evolution process of quantum paraelectric behavior to relaxor ferroelectricbehavior.展开更多
The explicit expression of Helmholtz free energy has been obtained from the equation of state from effiective field approach.From the Helmholtz free energy,four characteristic temperatures describing a first-order fer...The explicit expression of Helmholtz free energy has been obtained from the equation of state from effiective field approach.From the Helmholtz free energy,four characteristic temperatures describing a first-order ferroelectric phase transitions have been determined.The physical meaning of coe±cients in Landau-type free energy has been revealed by comparison with the expanding Helmholtz function.Temperature dependence of polarization under different bias,and hysteresis loops at different temperatures are presented and discussed.These results provide the basic understandings of the static properties of first-order ferroelectric phase transitions.展开更多
ABSTRACT： Three trials were conducted to analyze a multi-enzyme compound produced by Aspergillus sulphureus in solid-state fermentation （SSF） as a po- tential feed additive. The results of the first trial showed th...ABSTRACT： Three trials were conducted to analyze a multi-enzyme compound produced by Aspergillus sulphureus in solid-state fermentation （SSF） as a po- tential feed additive. The results of the first trial showed that there were at least 5 non-starch polysac- charide enzymes： xylanase, 13-ghicanase, pectinase, mannase and carboxy methyl cellulase （CMCase） contained in the compound. Xylanase and fl-glucanase showed good activities at pH 2.5-7.0, which were in the range of 649-1046 U/g and 444-648 U/g, respec- tively. Pectinase showed good activity in acidic solu- tion （pH 2.5-3.0）,which ranged from 195 to 917 U/g. Mannase showed high activity of 235-298 U/g at pH 3.5-4.5 and the activity of CMCase was relatively constant at pH 2.5-7.0, which was in the range of 38.2-78.6 U/g. The second trial was aimed to test the stability of the enzymes in gastric liquor （pH 2.6） of finishing pigs and Na2 HPO4-gastric liquor （ pH 5.5 ）.After 6 h incubation at 40℃ in gastric liquor,the re- tained activity of xylanase, 13-glucanase, pectinase, mannase and CMCase was 26.3% ,65.0% ,71.0%, 74.8% and 85.6%, respectively. While after 6 h in- cubation at 40℃ in Na2I-IPO4-gastric liquor, the re- tained activity of xylanase, [3-glucanase, pectinase, mannase and CMCase was 87.9% ,91.1% ,92.3%, 95.0%, and 97.5%, respectively. The third trial was carried out in a jejunum liquor （ pH 5.8,200 mL）, which contained 0.2 g of the multi-enzyme compound and 10 g of soybean hull or wheat bran, respectively. After 8 h incubation at 40℃, 18.7% of soybean hull and 20.1% of wheat bran could be degraded to solu- ble saccharide, respectively. Compared with the tradi- tional methods for feed enzyme testing which involve feeding animals for 1-3 months, enzyme assay in this way was relatively convenient.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51405332)
文摘SiO2–BN ceramic and Ti plate were joined by active brazing in vacuum with Ag–Cu–Ti＋BN composite filler.The effect of BN content,brazing temperature and time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the brazed joints was investigated.The results showed that a continuous Ti N–Ti B2reaction layer formed adjacent to the SiO2–BN ceramic,whose thickness played a key role in the bonding properties.Four Ti–Cu compound layers,Ti2Cu,Ti3Cu4,Ti Cu2and Ti Cu4,were observed to border Ti substrate due to the strong affinity of Ti and Cu compared with Ag.The central part of the joint was composed of Ag matrix,over which some fine-grains distributed.The added BN particles reacted with Ti in the liquid filler to form fine Ti B whiskers and Ti N particles with low coefficients of thermal expansion（CTE）,leading to the reduction of detrimental residual stress in the joint,and thus improving the joint strength.The maximum shear strength of 31 MPa was obtained when 3 wt%BN was added in the composite filler,which was 158%higher than that brazed with single Ag–Cu–Ti filler metal.The morphology and thickness of the reaction layer adjacent to the parent materials changed correspondingly with the increase of BN content,brazing temperature and holding time.Based on the correlation between the microstructural evolution and brazing parameters,the bonding mechanism of SiO2–BN and Ti was discussed.
基金This work is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51672159,51501105 and 51611540342).
文摘Two sets of experimental data of piezo-catalytic degradations are adapted to fit with three-parameter Mittag–Leffler functions.One set is degradation on methyl orange(MO)using catalysis of nano-sized barium titanates,and another set is on Rhodamine-B(RhB)using molybdenum disulfide nano-flowers as catalysts.The fitting results suggest that these piezo-catalytic degradations can be described either as Davidson–Cole type response function or Havriliak–Negami type of dielectric relaxation.This work confirms completely the universality in chemical reaction kinetics,which can be described by fractional differential equations with Mittag–Leffler functions as their solutions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51672159,51501105 and 51611540342).
文摘In this paper,photocatalytic degradation processes of different materials are fitted to the first-order kinetic model,second-order kinetic model and fractional first-order kinetic model.Deterministic coefficients are calculated for the evaluation of the validity of these models.The fitting results show clearly that the degradation process can fit the fractional first-order kinetic model in a very good manner.In this way,two material parameters can be well defined.One is the degradation time,which can be used to describe the photocatalytic degradation process quantitatively.Another is the order of the derivative,which could be related to the material’s microstructure.
基金This work is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51672159,51501105 and 51611540342).
文摘Photocatalytic degradation processes of different materials are fitted with Mittag-Leffler function and incomplete gamma function,which are response functions for Cole–Cole relaxation and Davidson–Cole relaxation.The fitting results show that both functions can fit experimental data fairly well.The order of derivative in the kinetic differential equations can be either less,or greater than one.In the case of the order of derivative is greater than one,only incomplete gamma function is reasonable for describing the photocatalytic degradation.This work further confirms the existence of the universality in photocatalytic degradation kinetics.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51672159,51501105 and 51611540342).
文摘Photocatalytic degradation kinetics of Jurlewicz-Weron-Stanislavsky(JWS)type has been identified.Experimental data are taken from previous published works,and fitted with the JWS relaxation function as well as that of the Havriliak-Negami(HN)model.All experimental data can fit with either model fairly good.From the fitting parameters,the Jonscher indices are calculated and Jonscher diagram is plotted for the chemical kinetics of photocatalytic degradations.This work suggests that material parameters of photocatalysts can be well defined in the sense of fractional calculus.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51672159,51501105,51611540342).
文摘Two parameters are proposed as Jonscher indices,named after A.K.Jonscher for his pioneering contribution to the universal dielectric relaxation law.Time domain universal dielectric relaxation law is then obtained from the asymptotic behavior of dielectric response function and relaxation function by replacing parameters in Mittag–Leffler functions with Jonscher indices.Relaxation types can be easily determined from experimental data of discharge current in barium stannate titanate after their Jonscher indices are determined.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51672159,51501105 and 51611540342).
文摘The photocatalytic water splitting kinetics has been analyzed in this paper.The experimental data are taken from the published works and fitted with different theoretical models.From the results,we find that the photocatalytic kinetics of water splitting can be described by Capelas-Mainardi-Vaz(CMV)model very well.This suggests that the water splitting kinetics can be regarded as a fractional first-order kinetics of the chemical reaction.Also,we notice that photocatalytic water splitting is not always completely a monotone kinetics process.
文摘在龙门山西南段,汶川和芦山两次地震之间地震空区产生的物理机制及其未来的地震活动性仍然是亟需进一步研究的问题。现有研究结果也无法完全解释地震空区挤压应变/应力的调节模式。我们使用Match and Locate方法获取了2015年5月至12月时段内空区及邻区的详细的背景地震目录,完备性震级为M_c=0.2,微震的时空分布特征凸显了小震级事件的丛集(簇)特征。在深度域上,微震在空区两端的优势深度存在明显差异,南端深于北端,表明空区作为汶川和芦山两次地震破裂的转换带。我们的微震探测结果表明空区存在明显的微震"亏空",否定了其通过微地震释放累积应力的调节模式。我们发现该区域内,不同震级范围内的背景地震活动性都与降雨变化率存在明显的反相关关系。在夏、秋季节,地震活动性极值滞后于降水极值1～2个月,库仑模型计算表明增强的地震活动性很可能被浅地表含水量的减少所触发,季节性降水在一定程度上调节了背景地震活动性。相较于震级大于3.0的背景地震,背景微震对降水的变化具有更敏感的响应,这可能由其更短的起始周期所致。
基金partially supported by Ac RF RG40/12MOE2013-T2-2-011+2 种基金partially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61432003 and 61322206)the TNList Cross-discipline Foundationpartially supported by HKSAR Research Grants Council (RGC) General Research Fund (GRF), CUHK/14207414
文摘In this paper, we propose a simpleyet-effective method for isotropic meshing relying on Euclidean distance transformation based centroidal Voronoi tessellation(CVT). Our approach improves the performance and robustness of computing CVT on curved domains while simultaneously providing highquality output meshes. While conventional extrinsic methods compute CVTs in the entire volume bounded by the input model, we restrict the computation to a 3D shell of user-controlled thickness. Taking voxels which contain surface samples as sites, we compute the exact Euclidean distance transform on the GPU. Our algorithm is parallel and memory-efficient,and can construct the shell space for resolutions up to 20483 at interactive speed. The 3D centroidal Voronoi tessellation and restricted Voronoi diagrams are also computed efficiently on the GPU. Since the shell space can bridge holes and gaps smaller than a certain tolerance, and tolerate non-manifold edges and degenerate triangles, our algorithm can handle models with such defects, which typically cause conventional remeshing methods to fail. Our method can process implicit surfaces, polyhedral surfaces, and point clouds in a unified framework. Computational results show that our GPU-based isotropic meshing algorithm produces results comparable to state-ofthe-art techniques, but is significantly faster than conventional CPU-based implementations.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant No.ZR2010EM005)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(Grant No.20090131110015)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51172128).
文摘In order to obtain both high piezoelectric property and good temperature stability in BaTiO_(3)-based ceramics in the common usage temperature range,Sn4þand Zr4þare co-doped into BaTiO3 ceramics according to the formula of Ba(Ti_(0.96)Sn_(x)Zr_(0.04-x))O_(3)(BTSZ)(x=0.01-0.4)with 1 mol%CuO being added as sintering-aid in this study.The CuO-modified BTSZ ceramics show both high piezoelectric properties and good temperature stability.Particularly,the CuO-modified Ba(Ti_(0.96)Sn_(x)Zr_(0.04-x))O_(3)ceramic displays the high piezoelectric properties of d_(33)=350 pC/N,k_(p)=49.5%at room-temperature and a weak temperature dependence of kp in the temperature range of15C and 60C.Moreover,the CuO-modified Ba(Ti_(0.96)Sn_(x)Zr_(0.04-x))O_(3)ceramic shows stable thermal aging behavior with the d33 being almost unchanged until the aging temperature of 100C,which is even higher than its Curie temperature.The high piezoelectric properties of CuO-modified Ba(Ti_(0.96)Sn_(x)Zr_(0.04-x))O_(3)ceramic were ascribed to the dense microstructure with small and uniform grain size distribution.The stable thermal aging behavior can be explained by the aging effect based on the defect dipolar model.
基金Natural Science Fund of China under grant No.50702030.
文摘In this article,two concepts of temperature,i.e.,Bums temperature for relaxor ferroelectrics andquantum temperature scale for quantum paraelectrics,are reviewed briefly.Since both tem-peratures describe the deviation of the dielectric constant from Curie-Weiss law,their re-lationship is discussed.Finally the concept of quantum temperature scale is extended todemonstrate the evolution process of quantum paraelectric behavior to relaxor ferroelectricbehavior.
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge to MICINN of Spain for supporting the project FIS2008-00715National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.51172129,51172128 and 51102153.
文摘The explicit expression of Helmholtz free energy has been obtained from the equation of state from effiective field approach.From the Helmholtz free energy,four characteristic temperatures describing a first-order ferroelectric phase transitions have been determined.The physical meaning of coe±cients in Landau-type free energy has been revealed by comparison with the expanding Helmholtz function.Temperature dependence of polarization under different bias,and hysteresis loops at different temperatures are presented and discussed.These results provide the basic understandings of the static properties of first-order ferroelectric phase transitions.
基金supported by New Century Excellent Talent in University (NCET-07-0807)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (2007AA100601)the Projectof State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition(2004DA125184(team)0806)
文摘ABSTRACT： Three trials were conducted to analyze a multi-enzyme compound produced by Aspergillus sulphureus in solid-state fermentation （SSF） as a po- tential feed additive. The results of the first trial showed that there were at least 5 non-starch polysac- charide enzymes： xylanase, 13-ghicanase, pectinase, mannase and carboxy methyl cellulase （CMCase） contained in the compound. Xylanase and fl-glucanase showed good activities at pH 2.5-7.0, which were in the range of 649-1046 U/g and 444-648 U/g, respec- tively. Pectinase showed good activity in acidic solu- tion （pH 2.5-3.0）,which ranged from 195 to 917 U/g. Mannase showed high activity of 235-298 U/g at pH 3.5-4.5 and the activity of CMCase was relatively constant at pH 2.5-7.0, which was in the range of 38.2-78.6 U/g. The second trial was aimed to test the stability of the enzymes in gastric liquor （pH 2.6） of finishing pigs and Na2 HPO4-gastric liquor （ pH 5.5 ）.After 6 h incubation at 40℃ in gastric liquor,the re- tained activity of xylanase, 13-glucanase, pectinase, mannase and CMCase was 26.3% ,65.0% ,71.0%, 74.8% and 85.6%, respectively. While after 6 h in- cubation at 40℃ in Na2I-IPO4-gastric liquor, the re- tained activity of xylanase, [3-glucanase, pectinase, mannase and CMCase was 87.9% ,91.1% ,92.3%, 95.0%, and 97.5%, respectively. The third trial was carried out in a jejunum liquor （ pH 5.8,200 mL）, which contained 0.2 g of the multi-enzyme compound and 10 g of soybean hull or wheat bran, respectively. After 8 h incubation at 40℃, 18.7% of soybean hull and 20.1% of wheat bran could be degraded to solu- ble saccharide, respectively. Compared with the tradi- tional methods for feed enzyme testing which involve feeding animals for 1-3 months, enzyme assay in this way was relatively convenient.
