Modern technologies and information tools can be used to maximize agricultural aviation productivity allowing for precision application of agrochemical products.This paper reviews and summarizes the state-of-the-art i...Modern technologies and information tools can be used to maximize agricultural aviation productivity allowing for precision application of agrochemical products.This paper reviews and summarizes the state-of-the-art in precision agricultural aviation technology highlighting remote sensing,aerial spraying and ground verification technologies.Further,the authors forecast the future of precision agricultural aviation technology with key development directions in precision agricultural aviation technologies,such as real-time image processing,variable-rate spraying,multi-sensor data fusion and RTK differential positioning,and other supporting technologies for UAV-based aerial spraying.This review is expected to provide references for peers by summarizing the history and achievements,and encourage further development of precision agricultural aviation technologies.展开更多
Herein,we define the role of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy(DCM)by examining the expression of key regulators of ferroptosis in mice with DCM and a new ex vivo DCM model.Advanced glycation ...Herein,we define the role of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy(DCM)by examining the expression of key regulators of ferroptosis in mice with DCM and a new ex vivo DCM model.Advanced glycation end-products(AGEs),an important pathogenic factor of DCM,were found to induce ferroptosis in engineered cardiac tissues(ECTs),as reflected through increased levels of Ptgs2 and lipid peroxides and decreased ferritin and SLC7 A11 levels.Typical morphological changes of ferroptosis in cardiomyocytes were observed using transmission electron microscopy.Inhibition of ferroptosis with ferrostatin-1 and deferoxamine prevented AGE-induced ECT remodeling and dysfunction.Ferroptosis was also evidenced in the heart of type 2 diabetic mice with DCM.Inhibition of ferroptosis by liproxstatin-1 prevented the development of diastolic dysfunction at 3 months after the onset of diabetes.Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(NRF2)activated by sulforaphane inhibited cardiac cell ferroptosis in both AGE-treated ECTs and hearts of DCM mice by upregulating ferritin and SLC7 A11 levels.The protective effect of sulforaphane on ferroptosis was AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK)-dependent.These findings suggest that ferroptosis plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of DCM;sulforaphane prevents ferroptosis and associated pathogenesis via AMPK-mediated NRF2 activation.This suggests a feasible therapeutic approach with sulforaphane to clinically prevent ferroptosis and DCM.展开更多
Unmanned aerial vehicles have been developed and applied to support agricultural production management.Compared with piloted aircraft,an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)can focus on small crop fields at lower flight altit...Unmanned aerial vehicles have been developed and applied to support agricultural production management.Compared with piloted aircraft,an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)can focus on small crop fields at lower flight altitudes than regular aircraft to perform site-specific farm management with higher precision.They can also“fill in the gap”in locations where fixed winged or rotary winged aircraft are not readily available.In agriculture,UAVs have primarily been developed and used for remote sensing and application of crop production and protection materials.Application of fertilizers and chemicals is frequently needed at specific times and locations for site-specific management.Routine monitoring of crop plant health is often required at very high resolution for accurate site-specific management as well.This paper presents an overview of research involving the development of UAV technology for agricultural production management.Technologies,systems and methods are examined and studied.The limitations of current UAVs for agricultural production management are discussed,as well as future needs and suggestions for development and application of the UAV technologies in agricultural production management.展开更多
Sequencing data from 10 species show that a plant hexokinase （HXK） family contains 5-11 genes. Functionally, a given family can include metabolic catalysts, glucose signaling proteins, and non-catalytic, apparent re...Sequencing data from 10 species show that a plant hexokinase （HXK） family contains 5-11 genes. Functionally, a given family can include metabolic catalysts, glucose signaling proteins, and non-catalytic, apparent regulatory enzyme homologs. This study has two goals. The first aim is to develop a predictive method to determine which HXK proteins within a species have which type of function. The second aim is to determine whether HXK-dependent glucose signaling proteins occur among more primitive plants, as well as among angiosperms. Using a molecular phylogeny ap- proach, combined with selective experimental testing, we found that non-catalytic HXK homologs might occur in all plants, including the relatively primitive Selaginella moellendorffi. We also found that different lineages of angiosperm HXKs have apparent conserved features for catalytic activity and for sub-cellular targeting. Most higher-plant HXKs are expressed predominantly at mitochondria, with HXKs of one lineage occurring in the plastid, and HXKs of one monocot lineage occurring in the cytosol. Using protoplast transient expression assays, we found that HXK glucose signaling pro- teins occur likely in all higher plants and in S. moellendorffi as well. Thus, the use of glucose by plant HXK isoforms in metabolism and/or as a regulatory metabolite occurs as widespread, conserved processes.展开更多
Despite multiple efforts aimed at early detection through screening, colon cancer remains the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, with an estimated 51000 deaths during 2013 alone. The go...Despite multiple efforts aimed at early detection through screening, colon cancer remains the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, with an estimated 51000 deaths during 2013 alone. The goal remains to identify and remove benign neoplastic polyps prior to becoming invasive cancers. Polypoid lesions of the colon vary widely from hyperplastic, hamartomatous and inflammatory to neoplastic adenomatous growths. Although these lesions are all benign, they are common, with up to one-quarter of patients over 60 years old will develop pre-malignant adenomatous polyps. Colonoscopy is the most effective screening tool to detect polyps and colon cancer, although several studies have demonstrated missed polyp rates from 6%-29%, largely due to variations in polyp size. This number can be as high as 40%, even with advanced (> 1 cm) adenomas. Other factors including sub-optimal bowel preparation, experience of the endoscopist, and patient anatomical variations all affect the detection rate. Additional challenges in decision-making exist when dealing with more advanced, and typically larger, polyps that have traditionally required formal resection. In this brief review, we will explore the recent advances in polyp detection and therapeutic options.展开更多
Both domestic and foreign terror incidents are an unfortunate outgrowth of our modern times from the Oklahoma City bombings, Sarin gas attacks in Japan, the Madrid train bombing, anthrax spores in the mail, to the Wor...Both domestic and foreign terror incidents are an unfortunate outgrowth of our modern times from the Oklahoma City bombings, Sarin gas attacks in Japan, the Madrid train bombing, anthrax spores in the mail, to the World Trade Center on September 11 th, 2001. The modalities used to perpetrate these terrorist acts range from conventional weapons to high explosives, chemical weapons, and biological weapons all of which have been used in the recent past. While these weapons platforms can cause significant injury requiring critical care the mechanism of injury, pathophysiology and treatment of these injuries are unfamiliar to many critical care providers. Additionally the pediatric population is particularly vulnerable to these types of attacks. In the event of a mass casualty incident both adult and pediatric critical care practitioners will likely be called upon to care for children and adults alike. We will review the presentation, pathophysiology, and treatment of victims of blast injury, chemical weapons, and biological weapons. The focus will be on those injuries not commonly encountered in critical care practice, primary blast injuries, category A pathogens likely to be used in terrorist incidents, and chemical weapons including nerve agents, vesicants, pulmonary agents, cyanide, and riot control agents with special attention paid to pediatric specific considerations.展开更多
AIM: To determine whether folic acid supplementation will reduce the recurrence of colorectal adenomas, the precursors of colorectal cancer, we performed a double-blind placebo-controlled trial in patients with adenom...AIM: To determine whether folic acid supplementation will reduce the recurrence of colorectal adenomas, the precursors of colorectal cancer, we performed a double-blind placebo-controlled trial in patients with adenomatous polyps. METHODS: In the current double-blind, placebo-controlled trial at this VA Medical Center, patients with colorectal adenomas were randomly assigned to receive either a daily 5 mg dose of folic acid or a matched identical placebo for 3 years. All polyps were removed at baseline colonoscopy and each patient had a follow up colonoscopy at 3 years. The primary endpoint was a reduction in the number of recurrent adenomas at 3 years. RESULTS: Of 137 subjects, who were eligible after confirmation of polyp histology and run-in period to conform compliance, 94 completed the study; 49 in folic acid group and 45 in placebo group. Recurrence of adenomas at 3-year was compared between the two groups. The mean number of recurrent polyps at 3-year was 0.36 (SD, 0.69) for folic acid treated patients compared to 0.82 (SD, 1.17) for placebo treated subjects, resulting in a 3-fold increase in polyp recurrence in the placebo group. Patients below 70 years of age and those with left-sided colonicadenomas or advanced adenomas responded better to folic acid supplementation. CONCLUSION: High dose folic acid supplementation is associated with a signif icant reduction in the recurrence of colonic adenomas suggesting that folic acid may be an effective chemopreventive agent for colorectal neoplasia.展开更多
With changing climate and farmland ecological conditions,pest outbreaks in agricultural landscapes are becoming more frequent,increasing the need for improved crop production tools and methods.UAV-based agricultural s...With changing climate and farmland ecological conditions,pest outbreaks in agricultural landscapes are becoming more frequent,increasing the need for improved crop production tools and methods.UAV-based agricultural spraying is anticipated to be an important new technology for providing efficient and effective applications of crop protection products.This paper reviews and summarizes the status of the current research and progress on UAV application technologies for plant protection,and it discusses the characteristics of atomization by unmanned aircraft application systems with a focus on spray applications of agrichemicals.Additionally,the factors influencing the spraying performance including downwash airflow field and operating parameters are analyzed,and a number of key technologies for reducing drift and enhancing the application efficiency such as remote sensing,variable-rate technologies,and spray drift models are considered.Based on the reviewed literature,future developments and the impacts of these UAV technologies are projected.This review may inspire the innovation of the combined use of big data analytics and UAV technology,precision agricultural spraying technology,drift reduction technology,swarm UAV cooperative technology,and other supporting technologies for UAV-based aerial spraying for scientific research in the world.展开更多
In 2011,Hanahan and Weinberg added“Deregulating Cellular Energetics”and“Avoiding Immune Destruction”to the six previous hallmarks of cancer.Since this seminal paper,there has been a growing consensus that these ne...In 2011,Hanahan and Weinberg added“Deregulating Cellular Energetics”and“Avoiding Immune Destruction”to the six previous hallmarks of cancer.Since this seminal paper,there has been a growing consensus that these new hallmarks are not mutually exclusive but rather interdependent.The following review summarizes how founding genetic events for tumorigenesis ultimately increase tumor cell glycolysis,which not only supports the metabolic demands of malignancy but also provides an immunoprotective niche,promoting malignant cell proliferation,maintenance and progression.The mechanisms by which altered metabolism contributes to immune impairment are multifactorial:(1)the metabolic demands of proliferating tumor cells and activated immune cells are similar,thus creating a situation where immune cells may be in competition for key nutrients;(2)the metabolic byproducts of aerobic glycolysis directly inhibit antitumor immunity while promoting a regulatory immune phenotype;and(3)the gene programs associated with the upregulation of glycolysis also result in the generation of immunosuppressive cytokines and metabolites.From this perspective,we shed light on important considerations for the development of new classes of agents targeting cancer metabolism.These types of therapies can impair tumor growth but also pose a significant risk of stifling antitumor immunity.展开更多
Magnetic helical micro- and nanorobots can perform 3D navigation in various liquids with a sub- micrometer precision under low-strength rotating magnetic fields （〈 10 rer）. Since magnetic fields with low strengths ...Magnetic helical micro- and nanorobots can perform 3D navigation in various liquids with a sub- micrometer precision under low-strength rotating magnetic fields （〈 10 rer）. Since magnetic fields with low strengths are harmless to cells and tissues, magnetic helical micro/ nanorobots are promising tools for biomedical applications, such as minimally invasive surgery, cell manipulation and analysis, and targeted therapy. This review provides general information on magnetic helical micro/nanorobots, including their fabrication, motion control, and further functionalization for biomedical applications.展开更多
文摘Modern technologies and information tools can be used to maximize agricultural aviation productivity allowing for precision application of agrochemical products.This paper reviews and summarizes the state-of-the-art in precision agricultural aviation technology highlighting remote sensing,aerial spraying and ground verification technologies.Further,the authors forecast the future of precision agricultural aviation technology with key development directions in precision agricultural aviation technologies,such as real-time image processing,variable-rate spraying,multi-sensor data fusion and RTK differential positioning,and other supporting technologies for UAV-based aerial spraying.This review is expected to provide references for peers by summarizing the history and achievements,and encourage further development of precision agricultural aviation technologies.
基金supported in part by American Diabetes Association(1-18-IBS-082 to LC,USA)the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFC0900903 to YZ,China)。
文摘Herein,we define the role of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy(DCM)by examining the expression of key regulators of ferroptosis in mice with DCM and a new ex vivo DCM model.Advanced glycation end-products(AGEs),an important pathogenic factor of DCM,were found to induce ferroptosis in engineered cardiac tissues(ECTs),as reflected through increased levels of Ptgs2 and lipid peroxides and decreased ferritin and SLC7 A11 levels.Typical morphological changes of ferroptosis in cardiomyocytes were observed using transmission electron microscopy.Inhibition of ferroptosis with ferrostatin-1 and deferoxamine prevented AGE-induced ECT remodeling and dysfunction.Ferroptosis was also evidenced in the heart of type 2 diabetic mice with DCM.Inhibition of ferroptosis by liproxstatin-1 prevented the development of diastolic dysfunction at 3 months after the onset of diabetes.Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(NRF2)activated by sulforaphane inhibited cardiac cell ferroptosis in both AGE-treated ECTs and hearts of DCM mice by upregulating ferritin and SLC7 A11 levels.The protective effect of sulforaphane on ferroptosis was AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK)-dependent.These findings suggest that ferroptosis plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of DCM;sulforaphane prevents ferroptosis and associated pathogenesis via AMPK-mediated NRF2 activation.This suggests a feasible therapeutic approach with sulforaphane to clinically prevent ferroptosis and DCM.
文摘Unmanned aerial vehicles have been developed and applied to support agricultural production management.Compared with piloted aircraft,an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)can focus on small crop fields at lower flight altitudes than regular aircraft to perform site-specific farm management with higher precision.They can also“fill in the gap”in locations where fixed winged or rotary winged aircraft are not readily available.In agriculture,UAVs have primarily been developed and used for remote sensing and application of crop production and protection materials.Application of fertilizers and chemicals is frequently needed at specific times and locations for site-specific management.Routine monitoring of crop plant health is often required at very high resolution for accurate site-specific management as well.This paper presents an overview of research involving the development of UAV technology for agricultural production management.Technologies,systems and methods are examined and studied.The limitations of current UAVs for agricultural production management are discussed,as well as future needs and suggestions for development and application of the UAV technologies in agricultural production management.
文摘Sequencing data from 10 species show that a plant hexokinase （HXK） family contains 5-11 genes. Functionally, a given family can include metabolic catalysts, glucose signaling proteins, and non-catalytic, apparent regulatory enzyme homologs. This study has two goals. The first aim is to develop a predictive method to determine which HXK proteins within a species have which type of function. The second aim is to determine whether HXK-dependent glucose signaling proteins occur among more primitive plants, as well as among angiosperms. Using a molecular phylogeny ap- proach, combined with selective experimental testing, we found that non-catalytic HXK homologs might occur in all plants, including the relatively primitive Selaginella moellendorffi. We also found that different lineages of angiosperm HXKs have apparent conserved features for catalytic activity and for sub-cellular targeting. Most higher-plant HXKs are expressed predominantly at mitochondria, with HXKs of one lineage occurring in the plastid, and HXKs of one monocot lineage occurring in the cytosol. Using protoplast transient expression assays, we found that HXK glucose signaling pro- teins occur likely in all higher plants and in S. moellendorffi as well. Thus, the use of glucose by plant HXK isoforms in metabolism and/or as a regulatory metabolite occurs as widespread, conserved processes.
文摘Despite multiple efforts aimed at early detection through screening, colon cancer remains the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, with an estimated 51000 deaths during 2013 alone. The goal remains to identify and remove benign neoplastic polyps prior to becoming invasive cancers. Polypoid lesions of the colon vary widely from hyperplastic, hamartomatous and inflammatory to neoplastic adenomatous growths. Although these lesions are all benign, they are common, with up to one-quarter of patients over 60 years old will develop pre-malignant adenomatous polyps. Colonoscopy is the most effective screening tool to detect polyps and colon cancer, although several studies have demonstrated missed polyp rates from 6%-29%, largely due to variations in polyp size. This number can be as high as 40%, even with advanced (> 1 cm) adenomas. Other factors including sub-optimal bowel preparation, experience of the endoscopist, and patient anatomical variations all affect the detection rate. Additional challenges in decision-making exist when dealing with more advanced, and typically larger, polyps that have traditionally required formal resection. In this brief review, we will explore the recent advances in polyp detection and therapeutic options.
文摘Both domestic and foreign terror incidents are an unfortunate outgrowth of our modern times from the Oklahoma City bombings, Sarin gas attacks in Japan, the Madrid train bombing, anthrax spores in the mail, to the World Trade Center on September 11 th, 2001. The modalities used to perpetrate these terrorist acts range from conventional weapons to high explosives, chemical weapons, and biological weapons all of which have been used in the recent past. While these weapons platforms can cause significant injury requiring critical care the mechanism of injury, pathophysiology and treatment of these injuries are unfamiliar to many critical care providers. Additionally the pediatric population is particularly vulnerable to these types of attacks. In the event of a mass casualty incident both adult and pediatric critical care practitioners will likely be called upon to care for children and adults alike. We will review the presentation, pathophysiology, and treatment of victims of blast injury, chemical weapons, and biological weapons. The focus will be on those injuries not commonly encountered in critical care practice, primary blast injuries, category A pathogens likely to be used in terrorist incidents, and chemical weapons including nerve agents, vesicants, pulmonary agents, cyanide, and riot control agents with special attention paid to pediatric specific considerations.
文摘AIM: To determine whether folic acid supplementation will reduce the recurrence of colorectal adenomas, the precursors of colorectal cancer, we performed a double-blind placebo-controlled trial in patients with adenomatous polyps. METHODS: In the current double-blind, placebo-controlled trial at this VA Medical Center, patients with colorectal adenomas were randomly assigned to receive either a daily 5 mg dose of folic acid or a matched identical placebo for 3 years. All polyps were removed at baseline colonoscopy and each patient had a follow up colonoscopy at 3 years. The primary endpoint was a reduction in the number of recurrent adenomas at 3 years. RESULTS: Of 137 subjects, who were eligible after confirmation of polyp histology and run-in period to conform compliance, 94 completed the study; 49 in folic acid group and 45 in placebo group. Recurrence of adenomas at 3-year was compared between the two groups. The mean number of recurrent polyps at 3-year was 0.36 (SD, 0.69) for folic acid treated patients compared to 0.82 (SD, 1.17) for placebo treated subjects, resulting in a 3-fold increase in polyp recurrence in the placebo group. Patients below 70 years of age and those with left-sided colonicadenomas or advanced adenomas responded better to folic acid supplementation. CONCLUSION: High dose folic acid supplementation is associated with a signif icant reduction in the recurrence of colonic adenomas suggesting that folic acid may be an effective chemopreventive agent for colorectal neoplasia.
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge the support provided by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2016YFD0200606,Grant No.2018YFD0200700)China Agriculture Research System(Grant No.CARS-15-22).
文摘With changing climate and farmland ecological conditions,pest outbreaks in agricultural landscapes are becoming more frequent,increasing the need for improved crop production tools and methods.UAV-based agricultural spraying is anticipated to be an important new technology for providing efficient and effective applications of crop protection products.This paper reviews and summarizes the status of the current research and progress on UAV application technologies for plant protection,and it discusses the characteristics of atomization by unmanned aircraft application systems with a focus on spray applications of agrichemicals.Additionally,the factors influencing the spraying performance including downwash airflow field and operating parameters are analyzed,and a number of key technologies for reducing drift and enhancing the application efficiency such as remote sensing,variable-rate technologies,and spray drift models are considered.Based on the reviewed literature,future developments and the impacts of these UAV technologies are projected.This review may inspire the innovation of the combined use of big data analytics and UAV technology,precision agricultural spraying technology,drift reduction technology,swarm UAV cooperative technology,and other supporting technologies for UAV-based aerial spraying for scientific research in the world.
基金This work was supported by R01 CA217987(JCR),the Vanderbilt-Incyte Research Alliance(JCR),F30 CA247202(BIR)the American Association for Cancer Research(BIR and WKR)T32 GM00734742.The figures were made at Biorender.com.
文摘In 2011,Hanahan and Weinberg added“Deregulating Cellular Energetics”and“Avoiding Immune Destruction”to the six previous hallmarks of cancer.Since this seminal paper,there has been a growing consensus that these new hallmarks are not mutually exclusive but rather interdependent.The following review summarizes how founding genetic events for tumorigenesis ultimately increase tumor cell glycolysis,which not only supports the metabolic demands of malignancy but also provides an immunoprotective niche,promoting malignant cell proliferation,maintenance and progression.The mechanisms by which altered metabolism contributes to immune impairment are multifactorial:(1)the metabolic demands of proliferating tumor cells and activated immune cells are similar,thus creating a situation where immune cells may be in competition for key nutrients;(2)the metabolic byproducts of aerobic glycolysis directly inhibit antitumor immunity while promoting a regulatory immune phenotype;and(3)the gene programs associated with the upregulation of glycolysis also result in the generation of immunosuppressive cytokines and metabolites.From this perspective,we shed light on important considerations for the development of new classes of agents targeting cancer metabolism.These types of therapies can impair tumor growth but also pose a significant risk of stifling antitumor immunity.
文摘Magnetic helical micro- and nanorobots can perform 3D navigation in various liquids with a sub- micrometer precision under low-strength rotating magnetic fields （〈 10 rer）. Since magnetic fields with low strengths are harmless to cells and tissues, magnetic helical micro/ nanorobots are promising tools for biomedical applications, such as minimally invasive surgery, cell manipulation and analysis, and targeted therapy. This review provides general information on magnetic helical micro/nanorobots, including their fabrication, motion control, and further functionalization for biomedical applications.
