Manganese （Mn） is an essential catalytic metal in the Mn-cluster that oxidizes water to produce oxygen dur- ing photosynthesis. However, the transport protein（s） responsible for Mn2＋ import into the chloroplast r...Manganese （Mn） is an essential catalytic metal in the Mn-cluster that oxidizes water to produce oxygen dur- ing photosynthesis. However, the transport protein（s） responsible for Mn2＋ import into the chloroplast re- mains unknown. Here, we report the characterization ofArabidopsis CMT1 （Chloroplast Manganese Trans- porter 1）, an evolutionarily conserved protein in the Uncharacterized Protein Family 0016 （UPFO016）, that is required for manganese accumulation into the chloroplast. CMT1 is expressed primarily in green tissues, and its encoded product is localized in the inner envelope membrane of the chloroplast. Disruption of CMT1 in the T-DNA insertional mutant cmtl-1 resulted in stunted plant growth, defective thylakoid stacking, and severe reduction of photosystem II complexes and photosynthetic activity. Consistent with reduced oxy- gen evolution capacity, the mutant chloroplasts contained less manganese than the wild-type ones. In sup- port of its function as a Mn transporter, CMT1 protein supported the growth and enabled Mn2＋ accumula- tion in the yeast cells of Mn2＋-uptake deficient mutant （3smfl）. Taken together, our results indicate that CMT1 functions as an inner envelope Mn transporter responsible for chloroplast Mn2＋ uptake.展开更多
Genomic structural variations affected widely gene function and morphological traits in plants.Chromosomal inversions(INVs),as an important form of structural variation,can be large and extend to megabases in length[1...Genomic structural variations affected widely gene function and morphological traits in plants.Chromosomal inversions(INVs),as an important form of structural variation,can be large and extend to megabases in length[1],and form the genetic basis of local adaptation and ecotypic differentiation in sunflowers[2],Boechera stricta[3],monkeyflowers[4],mimetic butterflies[5]and ruffs[6],sex determination in nine-spined stickleback[7]and cancer and neurodevelopmental disease in human[8].At present,structural variants,and in particular,INVs,remain largely uncharacterized in plants despite their importance for local adaptation in a variety of species[1],with only a few studies exploring INVs polymorphisms at the population level.Hence,it remains unclear whether adaptive INVs can directly shape the genetic basis for diverse phenotypes in plants,especially in domesticated crops.展开更多
In 2021,EAST realized a steady-state long pulse with a duration over 100 s and a core electron temperature over 10 keV.This is an integrated operation that resolves several key issues,including active control of wall ...In 2021,EAST realized a steady-state long pulse with a duration over 100 s and a core electron temperature over 10 keV.This is an integrated operation that resolves several key issues,including active control of wall conditioning,long-lasting fully noninductive current and divertor heat/particle flux.The fully noninductive current is driven by pure radio frequency(RF)waves with a lower hybrid current drive power of 2.5 MW and electron cyclotron resonance heating of 1.4 MW.This is an excellent experimental platform on the timescale of hundreds of seconds for studying multiscale instabilities,electron-dominant transport and particle recycling(plasma-wall interactions)under weak collisionality.展开更多
Radio frequency/microwave-directed energy sources using wide bandgap SiC photoconductive semiconductors have attracted much attention due to their unique advantages of high-power output and multi-parameter adjustable ...Radio frequency/microwave-directed energy sources using wide bandgap SiC photoconductive semiconductors have attracted much attention due to their unique advantages of high-power output and multi-parameter adjustable ability.Over the past several years,benefitting from the sustainable innovations in laser technology and the significant progress in materials technology,megawatt-class output power electrical pulses with a flexible frequency in the P and L microwave wavebands have been achieved by photoconductive semiconductor devices.Here,we mainly summarize and review the recent progress of the high-power photonic microwave generation based on the SiC photoconductive semiconductor devices in the linear modulation mode,including the mechanism,system architecture,critical technology,and experimental demonstration of the proposed high-power photonic microwave sources.The outlooks and challenges for the future of multi-channel power synthesis development of higher power photonic microwave using wide bandgap photoconductors are also discussed.展开更多
文摘Manganese （Mn） is an essential catalytic metal in the Mn-cluster that oxidizes water to produce oxygen dur- ing photosynthesis. However, the transport protein（s） responsible for Mn2＋ import into the chloroplast re- mains unknown. Here, we report the characterization ofArabidopsis CMT1 （Chloroplast Manganese Trans- porter 1）, an evolutionarily conserved protein in the Uncharacterized Protein Family 0016 （UPFO016）, that is required for manganese accumulation into the chloroplast. CMT1 is expressed primarily in green tissues, and its encoded product is localized in the inner envelope membrane of the chloroplast. Disruption of CMT1 in the T-DNA insertional mutant cmtl-1 resulted in stunted plant growth, defective thylakoid stacking, and severe reduction of photosystem II complexes and photosynthetic activity. Consistent with reduced oxy- gen evolution capacity, the mutant chloroplasts contained less manganese than the wild-type ones. In sup- port of its function as a Mn transporter, CMT1 protein supported the growth and enabled Mn2＋ accumula- tion in the yeast cells of Mn2＋-uptake deficient mutant （3smfl）. Taken together, our results indicate that CMT1 functions as an inner envelope Mn transporter responsible for chloroplast Mn2＋ uptake.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32188102 and 32372148)the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFE0139400)+1 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2023B1515020053)the Youth Innovation of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Y20230C36).
文摘Genomic structural variations affected widely gene function and morphological traits in plants.Chromosomal inversions(INVs),as an important form of structural variation,can be large and extend to megabases in length[1],and form the genetic basis of local adaptation and ecotypic differentiation in sunflowers[2],Boechera stricta[3],monkeyflowers[4],mimetic butterflies[5]and ruffs[6],sex determination in nine-spined stickleback[7]and cancer and neurodevelopmental disease in human[8].At present,structural variants,and in particular,INVs,remain largely uncharacterized in plants despite their importance for local adaptation in a variety of species[1],with only a few studies exploring INVs polymorphisms at the population level.Hence,it remains unclear whether adaptive INVs can directly shape the genetic basis for diverse phenotypes in plants,especially in domesticated crops.
基金Support by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51705445)Open Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems(GZKF-201714)Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province of China(E2016203324)~~
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFE03010003)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12275309).
文摘In 2021,EAST realized a steady-state long pulse with a duration over 100 s and a core electron temperature over 10 keV.This is an integrated operation that resolves several key issues,including active control of wall conditioning,long-lasting fully noninductive current and divertor heat/particle flux.The fully noninductive current is driven by pure radio frequency(RF)waves with a lower hybrid current drive power of 2.5 MW and electron cyclotron resonance heating of 1.4 MW.This is an excellent experimental platform on the timescale of hundreds of seconds for studying multiscale instabilities,electron-dominant transport and particle recycling(plasma-wall interactions)under weak collisionality.
基金We acknowledge the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52273110,21975191,52372271 and 22173070)the Youth Top Talent Project of Hubei Provence(GGB)+1 种基金the Knowledge Innovation Program of Wuhan-Shuguang Project(GGB)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(WUT:2023III013GX)for financial supports.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62071477 and 62101577)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(No.2021JJ40660)。
文摘Radio frequency/microwave-directed energy sources using wide bandgap SiC photoconductive semiconductors have attracted much attention due to their unique advantages of high-power output and multi-parameter adjustable ability.Over the past several years,benefitting from the sustainable innovations in laser technology and the significant progress in materials technology,megawatt-class output power electrical pulses with a flexible frequency in the P and L microwave wavebands have been achieved by photoconductive semiconductor devices.Here,we mainly summarize and review the recent progress of the high-power photonic microwave generation based on the SiC photoconductive semiconductor devices in the linear modulation mode,including the mechanism,system architecture,critical technology,and experimental demonstration of the proposed high-power photonic microwave sources.The outlooks and challenges for the future of multi-channel power synthesis development of higher power photonic microwave using wide bandgap photoconductors are also discussed.
