Objective: Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte imbalance. The initial treatment decision is based on clinical evaluation of patient volume status but an accurate assessment is difficult, particularly different...Objective: Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte imbalance. The initial treatment decision is based on clinical evaluation of patient volume status but an accurate assessment is difficult, particularly differentiating mild hypovolemia from euvolemia. The aim of this study is to examine if biomarkers are valuable in the early determination of volume status and SIADH diagnosis. Methods: Blood samples were collected from an unselected patient population at entry to the Emergency Department. If the plasma sodium level (P-Na) was ≤125 mmol/L, the sample was frozen for further analysis. Mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (MR-proANP), proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM), C-terminal prepro-vasopressin (copeptin), pro-endothelin-1 (proET-1) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels were analysed. A comprehensive assessment of volume status and underlying causes was made after discharge blinded for biomarker results. Results: A total of 81 patients were included. A well substa ntiated volemic state (hypo/eu/hypervolemia) was established in 72 patients (mean age 76 years, 65% women, median P-Na 119 mmol/L). A significant association was observed between MR-proANP levels and volemic state (p = 0.0001). Data was specifically analysed with respect to distinguishing hypo- from euvolemia (n = 59) using logistic regression. In a crude analysis, MR-proANP was significantly related to euvolemia (OR: 2.54 per SD of MR-proANP, 95% CI 1.32 - 4.86, p = 0.005) and remained so after the multivariate backward elimination model (OR: 2.45 per SD of MRproANP, 95% CI 1.22 - 4.91, p = 0.012.), whereas the other studied biomarkers were not. Copeptin levels were not associated with a diagnosis of SIADH. Conclusions: MR-proANP may be of value in early determination of volume status in hyponatremic patients.展开更多
目的:研究猪左心室心内膜整体复极顺序。方法:应用CARTO系统,在10只猪左心室心内膜的75±12个位点记录单相动作电位。计算每一点的局部激动时间(activation tim e,AT)、复极结束时间(end-of-repolarization tim e,EORT)和单相动作...目的:研究猪左心室心内膜整体复极顺序。方法:应用CARTO系统,在10只猪左心室心内膜的75±12个位点记录单相动作电位。计算每一点的局部激动时间(activation tim e,AT)、复极结束时间(end-of-repolarization tim e,EORT)和单相动作电位时程(monophasic action potential duration,MAPD),并且据此建立10套三维整体心室肌AT顺序、EORT顺序和MAPD长短顺序的标测图。结果:①EORT顺序图显示10只猪中有9只猪的EORT顺序明确地沿袭了激动顺序。②在最早的激动区域或附近记录到最长的MAPD,而在最晚的激动区域或附近则记录到最短的MAPD。③所有标测图的MAPD与AT成负线性相关,而EORT与AT成正线性相关。结论:猪左室心内膜存在复极梯度。激动顺序是复极顺序的一个决定因素。较晚的心室激动伴随着较短的MAPD,MAPD缩短幅度相对于局部激动的变晚程度,是决定复极方向和形态的关键因素。展开更多
The Mungo River and its tributaries represent the major sources of water supply for agriculture and drinking purposes for the Douala city and the south western agricultural region of Cameroon. In this study, the surfa...The Mungo River and its tributaries represent the major sources of water supply for agriculture and drinking purposes for the Douala city and the south western agricultural region of Cameroon. In this study, the surface water hydrochemistry was investigated at 12 locations to determine the hydrochemical and heavy metals characteristics and to assess the suitability for drinking and irrigational purposes. Results of water samples collected along the main channel and tributaries showed that the major ions were dominated by Ca<sup>2+</sup> > Na<sup>+</sup> > Mg<sup>2+</sup> > K<sup>+</sup> > NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+ </sup>and > HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> > SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2</sup><span style="font-size:10px;white-space:normal;"><sup><span style="font-size:10px;white-space:normal;">-</span></sup> </span>> Cl<sup><span style="font-size:10px;white-space:normal;">-</span></sup> > F<sup><span style="font-size:10px;white-space:normal;">-</span></sup> > PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup> , with concentrations varying between 0 to 60 mg/l. Heavy metal concentrations were relatively weak, dominated by Fe > Mn > As > Cd > Zn > Se. The main hydrochemical facies types revealed primarily 52% Ca-Na-HCO<sub>3</sub> and 48% Ca-Mg-HCO<sub>3</sub>. Base on Gibbs diagram and relative ion ratios, the hydrochemical characteristics are derived from weathering of silicate rocks and atmospheric source. The influence of anthropogenic factors including agro-industrial activities on the hydrochemical characteristics was less marked. The chemical composition of the water samples was compared with the drinking water standards and only the concentration of Fe was above the WHO guide limits in a single sample at Passi. The evaluation of the water quality for irrigation showed that 95% of water samples are suitable for irrigation in almost all soil types. According to the water quality index (HPI, HEI and Cd), this water is considered of excellent quality for consumption. The results provide a preliminary database for sustainable management of water res展开更多
Upon glucose elevation, pancreatic beta-cells secrete insulin in a Ca2＋-dependent manner. In diabetic animal models, different aspects of the calcium signaling path- way in beta-cells are altered, but there is no con...Upon glucose elevation, pancreatic beta-cells secrete insulin in a Ca2＋-dependent manner. In diabetic animal models, different aspects of the calcium signaling path- way in beta-cells are altered, but there is no consensus regarding their relative contributions to the development of beta-cell dysfunction. In this study, we compared the increase in cytosolic Ca2＊ （[Ca2＊]~） via Ca2＋ influx, Ca2＊ mobilization from endoplasmic reticulum （ER） calcium stores, and the removal of Ca2＋ via multiple mechanisms in beta-cells from both diabetic db/db mice and non- diabetic C57BL/6J mice. We refined our previous quan- titative model to describe the slow [Ca2＋]i recovery after depolarization in beta-cells from db/db mice. According to the model, the activity levels of the two subtypes of the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2＋-ATPase （SERCA） pump, SERCA2 and SERCA3, were severely down-reg- ulated in diabetic cells to 65% and 0% of the levels in normal cells. This down-regulation may lead to a reduc- tion in the Ca2＋ concentration in the ER, a compensatory up-regulation of the plasma membrane Na＋/Ca2＋ exchanger （NCX） and a reduction in depolarizationevoked Ca2＋ influx. As a result, the patterns of glucosestimulated calcium oscillations were significantly different in db/db diabetic beta-cells compared with normal cells. Overall, quantifying the changes in the calcium signaling pathway in db/db diabetic beta-cells will aid in the development of a disease model that could provide insight into the adaptive transformations of beta-cell function during diabetes development.展开更多
With the development of sequencing technologies,somatic mutation analysis has become an important component in cancer research and treatment.VarDict is a commonly used somatic variant caller for this task.Although the...With the development of sequencing technologies,somatic mutation analysis has become an important component in cancer research and treatment.VarDict is a commonly used somatic variant caller for this task.Although the heuristic-based VarDict algorithm exhibits high sensitivity and versatility,it may detect higher amounts of false positive variants than callers,limiting its clinical practicality.To address this problem,we propose DeepFilter,a deep-learning based filter for VarDict,which can filter out the false positive variants detected by VarDict effectively.Our approach trains two models for insertion-deletion mutations(InDels)and single nucleotide variants(SNVs),respectively.Experiments show that DeepFilter can filter at least 98.5%of false positive variants and retain 93.5%of true positive variants for InDels and SNVs in the commonly used tumor-normal paired mode.Source code and pre-trained models are available at https://github.com/LeiHaoa/DeepFilter.展开更多
Objective:In this study, the feasibility to evaluate the global myocardial activation and repolarization sequence using the electroanatomical mapping system and MAP recording technique via the modified platinum cathet...Objective:In this study, the feasibility to evaluate the global myocardial activation and repolarization sequence using the electroanatomical mapping system and MAP recording technique via the modified platinum catheter was explored in swine. Methods:Ten healthy pigs (50-55 kg) were anaesthetized with pentobarbital and catamine, intubated and ventilated. Four vascular accesses were obtained. A modified small tip ablation catheter (Navi-Star, Biosense Webster), the end surface of tip electrode was 0.81 mm 2 and 1 mm in diameter, was used for MAP recording. The MAP electrograms were recorded between the tip (exploring electrode) and the ring electrode proximal to the tip (indifferent electrode). The catheter was intentionally positioned perpendicular to endocardium with slight contact pressure to allow MAP recording with a satisfactory amplitude and morphology. All MAP recordings were performed during sinus rhythm.Results:The MAP recordings were obtained from both right atrium and left ventricle in 9 pigs, while the right ventricle was mapped during the same procedure in 2. The MAP electrograms were recorded from both right and left atrium via a patent foramen ovale in 1 pig. Totally, the right atrium was mapped in all the 10 pigs, right ventricle in 2, left atrium in 1 and left ventricle in 9. The MAP electrograms were recorded from 733 sites of right atrium, 179 of right ventricle, 63 of left atrium and 517 of left ventricle. There were 62% of right and 54% left atrial MAPamp satisfied the earlier defined criteria of acceptable MAP, i.e., the MAPamp ≥ 3 mV in atrium, while 32% of right and 38% of left ventricular MAPamp were ≥ 10 mV. The mean MAPamp was 5.7±3.1 mV in right atrium, 12.4±2.5 mV in right ventricle, 4.5±1.9 mV in left atrium and 13.8±4 mV in left ventricle. The local activation was more distinctly and easily defined using MAP recordings with the computer-assisted manual determination, so were the end-of-repolarization points. The global activation and repolarization sequence and MAP duration 展开更多
Background and aim: People suffering from mental illness and their experiences of attitudes towards them are rarely investigated from the perspective of the individual. The aim was to gain an understanding of how a gr...Background and aim: People suffering from mental illness and their experiences of attitudes towards them are rarely investigated from the perspective of the individual. The aim was to gain an understanding of how a group of mental health patients experienced social relationships in personal settings as well as in society. Method: Open interviews with twenty-five mental health patients were conducted and analysed with a qualitative content analysis. Result: The essence of the result was that mental health patients’ experiences are still not taken enough into account, neither by mental health professionals nor by their social networks. This was underpinned by four core categories: Patients’ experience of deteriorated and reduced social contacts due to various degrees of acceptance and knowledge of people in general;service users reported on difficulties with social contacts in general, with family relationships, relationships with friends and workmates and with employers;reduced life opportunities were expressed, including violated self-image and poor coping competence and, ambivalent experiences of contact with the mental health services were reported. Conclusion and clinical implication: The present study contributes to the understanding of mental health patients’ experiences of professional services and of their social networks. This knowledge may strengthen the implications of patient-centred care essential for the outcome of the care.展开更多
This study examines groundwater samples from four areas under different conditions. Variations amongst the areas are due to the distinct topography, demographics, and socio-economic activities. A qualification of the ...This study examines groundwater samples from four areas under different conditions. Variations amongst the areas are due to the distinct topography, demographics, and socio-economic activities. A qualification of the groundwater using the following parameters;pH, electric conductivity and nitrate analysis yielded results depicting the deplorable state of the unconfined aquifer;which is even worst in the densely populated and low-lying areas. These unfavorable conditions are present in the older districts (Bependa and Ndogbong) compared to the younger and least populated (urbanized) districts (Ndogpassi and Logpom). The poor quality of groundwater could be due to contamination by sewage from latrines and surface discharges. Nevertheless, nitrate contents (>241 mg/l) in these districts indicate that pollution has not reached the alarming levels observed in other West African cities (nitrates > 400 mg/l). Relatively low concentrations of nitrate in groundwater of the studied areas could be due to volatilization phenomena common in the unconfined aquifers in Douala. We however remarked that most of the studied wells are not used as drinking water, because they present particular health risks to humans.展开更多
Background: Patients with acute myocardial infarction often have long decision times before seeking medical care. The decision time is influenced by knowledge of AMI-symptoms, psychological factors and the response of...Background: Patients with acute myocardial infarction often have long decision times before seeking medical care. The decision time is influenced by knowledge of AMI-symptoms, psychological factors and the response of people near the patient to the symptoms. Aim: To investigate and compare the knowledge of AMI, intended actions in response to AMI-symptoms and attitudes toward seeking medical care of patients and the general public. Method: This was a multicentre study with descriptive and comparative design, using questionnaires as an instrument. The population consisted of AMI-patients and representatives of the general public. Results: There was good knowledge about typical AMI-symptoms among the participants. The majority thought an AMI always starts suddenly. Patients did not know more about the time-dependency of treatment outcome than the general public. A greater proportion of the general public would contact an additional person before consulting medical professionals. Conclusions: Patients had no better knowledge about AMI than the general public, but would more commonly act appropriately in case of AMI-symptoms.展开更多
基金HaK was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(92043301,82030103,and 91843302)and China Medical Board Collaborating Program(16-250)AG and FS were supported by the Medical Research Council,UK(MK/M022625/1)+10 种基金the Natural Environment Research Council,UK(NE/R009384/1)and the European Union's Horizon 2020 Project Exhaustion(820655)VH was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation(PCIN-2017-046)and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research(01 LSI201A2)YH and MH were supported by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund(JPMEERF15S11412)the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency,Japan.JK and AU were supported by the Czech Science Foundation(18-22125S)ST was supported by the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission(18411951600)Y-LLG was supported by a Career Development Fellowship of the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council(APP1163693)SL was supported by an Early Career Fellowship of the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council(APP1109193)JJKJJ and NR were supported by the Academy of Finland(310372)The funders had no role in considering the study design or in the collection,analysis,interpretation of data,writing of the report,or decision to submit the article for publication.
文摘Objective: Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte imbalance. The initial treatment decision is based on clinical evaluation of patient volume status but an accurate assessment is difficult, particularly differentiating mild hypovolemia from euvolemia. The aim of this study is to examine if biomarkers are valuable in the early determination of volume status and SIADH diagnosis. Methods: Blood samples were collected from an unselected patient population at entry to the Emergency Department. If the plasma sodium level (P-Na) was ≤125 mmol/L, the sample was frozen for further analysis. Mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (MR-proANP), proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM), C-terminal prepro-vasopressin (copeptin), pro-endothelin-1 (proET-1) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels were analysed. A comprehensive assessment of volume status and underlying causes was made after discharge blinded for biomarker results. Results: A total of 81 patients were included. A well substa ntiated volemic state (hypo/eu/hypervolemia) was established in 72 patients (mean age 76 years, 65% women, median P-Na 119 mmol/L). A significant association was observed between MR-proANP levels and volemic state (p = 0.0001). Data was specifically analysed with respect to distinguishing hypo- from euvolemia (n = 59) using logistic regression. In a crude analysis, MR-proANP was significantly related to euvolemia (OR: 2.54 per SD of MR-proANP, 95% CI 1.32 - 4.86, p = 0.005) and remained so after the multivariate backward elimination model (OR: 2.45 per SD of MRproANP, 95% CI 1.22 - 4.91, p = 0.012.), whereas the other studied biomarkers were not. Copeptin levels were not associated with a diagnosis of SIADH. Conclusions: MR-proANP may be of value in early determination of volume status in hyponatremic patients.
文摘目的:研究猪左心室心内膜整体复极顺序。方法:应用CARTO系统,在10只猪左心室心内膜的75±12个位点记录单相动作电位。计算每一点的局部激动时间(activation tim e,AT)、复极结束时间(end-of-repolarization tim e,EORT)和单相动作电位时程(monophasic action potential duration,MAPD),并且据此建立10套三维整体心室肌AT顺序、EORT顺序和MAPD长短顺序的标测图。结果:①EORT顺序图显示10只猪中有9只猪的EORT顺序明确地沿袭了激动顺序。②在最早的激动区域或附近记录到最长的MAPD,而在最晚的激动区域或附近则记录到最短的MAPD。③所有标测图的MAPD与AT成负线性相关,而EORT与AT成正线性相关。结论:猪左室心内膜存在复极梯度。激动顺序是复极顺序的一个决定因素。较晚的心室激动伴随着较短的MAPD,MAPD缩短幅度相对于局部激动的变晚程度,是决定复极方向和形态的关键因素。
文摘The Mungo River and its tributaries represent the major sources of water supply for agriculture and drinking purposes for the Douala city and the south western agricultural region of Cameroon. In this study, the surface water hydrochemistry was investigated at 12 locations to determine the hydrochemical and heavy metals characteristics and to assess the suitability for drinking and irrigational purposes. Results of water samples collected along the main channel and tributaries showed that the major ions were dominated by Ca<sup>2+</sup> > Na<sup>+</sup> > Mg<sup>2+</sup> > K<sup>+</sup> > NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+ </sup>and > HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> > SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2</sup><span style="font-size:10px;white-space:normal;"><sup><span style="font-size:10px;white-space:normal;">-</span></sup> </span>> Cl<sup><span style="font-size:10px;white-space:normal;">-</span></sup> > F<sup><span style="font-size:10px;white-space:normal;">-</span></sup> > PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup> , with concentrations varying between 0 to 60 mg/l. Heavy metal concentrations were relatively weak, dominated by Fe > Mn > As > Cd > Zn > Se. The main hydrochemical facies types revealed primarily 52% Ca-Na-HCO<sub>3</sub> and 48% Ca-Mg-HCO<sub>3</sub>. Base on Gibbs diagram and relative ion ratios, the hydrochemical characteristics are derived from weathering of silicate rocks and atmospheric source. The influence of anthropogenic factors including agro-industrial activities on the hydrochemical characteristics was less marked. The chemical composition of the water samples was compared with the drinking water standards and only the concentration of Fe was above the WHO guide limits in a single sample at Passi. The evaluation of the water quality for irrigation showed that 95% of water samples are suitable for irrigation in almost all soil types. According to the water quality index (HPI, HEI and Cd), this water is considered of excellent quality for consumption. The results provide a preliminary database for sustainable management of water res
文摘Upon glucose elevation, pancreatic beta-cells secrete insulin in a Ca2＋-dependent manner. In diabetic animal models, different aspects of the calcium signaling path- way in beta-cells are altered, but there is no consensus regarding their relative contributions to the development of beta-cell dysfunction. In this study, we compared the increase in cytosolic Ca2＊ （[Ca2＊]~） via Ca2＋ influx, Ca2＊ mobilization from endoplasmic reticulum （ER） calcium stores, and the removal of Ca2＋ via multiple mechanisms in beta-cells from both diabetic db/db mice and non- diabetic C57BL/6J mice. We refined our previous quan- titative model to describe the slow [Ca2＋]i recovery after depolarization in beta-cells from db/db mice. According to the model, the activity levels of the two subtypes of the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2＋-ATPase （SERCA） pump, SERCA2 and SERCA3, were severely down-reg- ulated in diabetic cells to 65% and 0% of the levels in normal cells. This down-regulation may lead to a reduc- tion in the Ca2＋ concentration in the ER, a compensatory up-regulation of the plasma membrane Na＋/Ca2＋ exchanger （NCX） and a reduction in depolarizationevoked Ca2＋ influx. As a result, the patterns of glucosestimulated calcium oscillations were significantly different in db/db diabetic beta-cells compared with normal cells. Overall, quantifying the changes in the calcium signaling pathway in db/db diabetic beta-cells will aid in the development of a disease model that could provide insight into the adaptive transformations of beta-cell function during diabetes development.
基金This work was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Nos.62102231 and 61972231)the Shenzhen Basic Research Fund(No.JCYJ20180507182818013)+3 种基金the Key Project of Joint Fund of Shandong Province(No.ZR2019LZH007)Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.ZR2021QF089)the PPP project from CSC and DAADEngineering Research Center of Digital Media Technology,Ministry of Education,China.
文摘With the development of sequencing technologies,somatic mutation analysis has become an important component in cancer research and treatment.VarDict is a commonly used somatic variant caller for this task.Although the heuristic-based VarDict algorithm exhibits high sensitivity and versatility,it may detect higher amounts of false positive variants than callers,limiting its clinical practicality.To address this problem,we propose DeepFilter,a deep-learning based filter for VarDict,which can filter out the false positive variants detected by VarDict effectively.Our approach trains two models for insertion-deletion mutations(InDels)and single nucleotide variants(SNVs),respectively.Experiments show that DeepFilter can filter at least 98.5%of false positive variants and retain 93.5%of true positive variants for InDels and SNVs in the commonly used tumor-normal paired mode.Source code and pre-trained models are available at https://github.com/LeiHaoa/DeepFilter.
文摘Objective:In this study, the feasibility to evaluate the global myocardial activation and repolarization sequence using the electroanatomical mapping system and MAP recording technique via the modified platinum catheter was explored in swine. Methods:Ten healthy pigs (50-55 kg) were anaesthetized with pentobarbital and catamine, intubated and ventilated. Four vascular accesses were obtained. A modified small tip ablation catheter (Navi-Star, Biosense Webster), the end surface of tip electrode was 0.81 mm 2 and 1 mm in diameter, was used for MAP recording. The MAP electrograms were recorded between the tip (exploring electrode) and the ring electrode proximal to the tip (indifferent electrode). The catheter was intentionally positioned perpendicular to endocardium with slight contact pressure to allow MAP recording with a satisfactory amplitude and morphology. All MAP recordings were performed during sinus rhythm.Results:The MAP recordings were obtained from both right atrium and left ventricle in 9 pigs, while the right ventricle was mapped during the same procedure in 2. The MAP electrograms were recorded from both right and left atrium via a patent foramen ovale in 1 pig. Totally, the right atrium was mapped in all the 10 pigs, right ventricle in 2, left atrium in 1 and left ventricle in 9. The MAP electrograms were recorded from 733 sites of right atrium, 179 of right ventricle, 63 of left atrium and 517 of left ventricle. There were 62% of right and 54% left atrial MAPamp satisfied the earlier defined criteria of acceptable MAP, i.e., the MAPamp ≥ 3 mV in atrium, while 32% of right and 38% of left ventricular MAPamp were ≥ 10 mV. The mean MAPamp was 5.7±3.1 mV in right atrium, 12.4±2.5 mV in right ventricle, 4.5±1.9 mV in left atrium and 13.8±4 mV in left ventricle. The local activation was more distinctly and easily defined using MAP recordings with the computer-assisted manual determination, so were the end-of-repolarization points. The global activation and repolarization sequence and MAP duration
文摘Background and aim: People suffering from mental illness and their experiences of attitudes towards them are rarely investigated from the perspective of the individual. The aim was to gain an understanding of how a group of mental health patients experienced social relationships in personal settings as well as in society. Method: Open interviews with twenty-five mental health patients were conducted and analysed with a qualitative content analysis. Result: The essence of the result was that mental health patients’ experiences are still not taken enough into account, neither by mental health professionals nor by their social networks. This was underpinned by four core categories: Patients’ experience of deteriorated and reduced social contacts due to various degrees of acceptance and knowledge of people in general;service users reported on difficulties with social contacts in general, with family relationships, relationships with friends and workmates and with employers;reduced life opportunities were expressed, including violated self-image and poor coping competence and, ambivalent experiences of contact with the mental health services were reported. Conclusion and clinical implication: The present study contributes to the understanding of mental health patients’ experiences of professional services and of their social networks. This knowledge may strengthen the implications of patient-centred care essential for the outcome of the care.
文摘This study examines groundwater samples from four areas under different conditions. Variations amongst the areas are due to the distinct topography, demographics, and socio-economic activities. A qualification of the groundwater using the following parameters;pH, electric conductivity and nitrate analysis yielded results depicting the deplorable state of the unconfined aquifer;which is even worst in the densely populated and low-lying areas. These unfavorable conditions are present in the older districts (Bependa and Ndogbong) compared to the younger and least populated (urbanized) districts (Ndogpassi and Logpom). The poor quality of groundwater could be due to contamination by sewage from latrines and surface discharges. Nevertheless, nitrate contents (>241 mg/l) in these districts indicate that pollution has not reached the alarming levels observed in other West African cities (nitrates > 400 mg/l). Relatively low concentrations of nitrate in groundwater of the studied areas could be due to volatilization phenomena common in the unconfined aquifers in Douala. We however remarked that most of the studied wells are not used as drinking water, because they present particular health risks to humans.
文摘Background: Patients with acute myocardial infarction often have long decision times before seeking medical care. The decision time is influenced by knowledge of AMI-symptoms, psychological factors and the response of people near the patient to the symptoms. Aim: To investigate and compare the knowledge of AMI, intended actions in response to AMI-symptoms and attitudes toward seeking medical care of patients and the general public. Method: This was a multicentre study with descriptive and comparative design, using questionnaires as an instrument. The population consisted of AMI-patients and representatives of the general public. Results: There was good knowledge about typical AMI-symptoms among the participants. The majority thought an AMI always starts suddenly. Patients did not know more about the time-dependency of treatment outcome than the general public. A greater proportion of the general public would contact an additional person before consulting medical professionals. Conclusions: Patients had no better knowledge about AMI than the general public, but would more commonly act appropriately in case of AMI-symptoms.
