The research paper investigates the intricate landscape of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) within the context of breast cancer treatment, with a particular focus on the elderly population and the use of complementary an...The research paper investigates the intricate landscape of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) within the context of breast cancer treatment, with a particular focus on the elderly population and the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). The study underscores the heightened susceptibility of elderly patients to DDIs due to the prevalence of polypharmacy and the widespread utilization of CAM among breast cancer patients. The potential ramifications of DDIs, encompassing adverse drug events and diminished treatment efficacy, are elucidated. The paper accentuates the imperative for healthcare providers to comprehensively understand both conventional and CAM therapies, enabling them to provide patients with informed guidance regarding safe and efficacious treatment options, culminating in enhanced patient outcomes.展开更多
Real-time pedestrian detection is an important task for unmanned driving systems and video surveillance.The existing pedestrian detection methods often work at low speed and also fail to detect smaller and densely dis...Real-time pedestrian detection is an important task for unmanned driving systems and video surveillance.The existing pedestrian detection methods often work at low speed and also fail to detect smaller and densely distributed pedestrians by losing some of their detection accuracy in such cases.Therefore,the proposed algorithm YOLOv2(“YOU ONLY LOOK ONCE Version 2”)-based pedestrian detection(referred to as YOLOv2PD)would be more suitable for detecting smaller and densely distributed pedestrians in real-time complex road scenes.The proposed YOLOv2PD algorithm adopts a Multi-layer Feature Fusion(MLFF)strategy,which helps to improve the model’s feature extraction ability.In addition,one repeated convolution layer is removed from the final layer,which in turn reduces the computational complexity without losing any detection accuracy.The proposed algorithm applies the K-means clustering method on the Pascal Voc-2007+2012 pedestrian dataset before training to find the optimal anchor boxes.Both the proposed network structure and the loss function are improved to make the model more accurate and faster while detecting smaller pedestrians.Experimental results show that,at 544×544 image resolution,the proposed model achieves 80.7%average precision(AP),which is 2.1%higher than the YOLOv2 Model on the Pascal Voc-2007+2012 pedestrian dataset.Besides,based on the experimental results,the proposed model YOLOv2PD achieves a good trade-off balance between detection accuracy and real-time speed when evaluated on INRIA and Caltech test pedestrian datasets and achieves state-of-the-art detection results.展开更多
Agrobiodiversity conservation is vital for achieving sustainability, but empirical studies on the effects of different practices or measures on crop diversity are rare. This study aims to estimate the effects of raisi...Agrobiodiversity conservation is vital for achieving sustainability, but empirical studies on the effects of different practices or measures on crop diversity are rare. This study aims to estimate the effects of raising conservation awareness(RCA),building diversity blocks(BDB), and their combination on crop diversity among 240 randomly selected households surrounding the Rupa Lake Watershed in Nepal. Based on descriptive analysis and multiple regression models, the results indicate that the two single measures had no significant effect on the numbers of crop species and varieties grown by households in 2018. However, the combination of RCA and BDB had a significantly positive effect on the number of crop varieties, especially for grain and vegetable crops. Considering that these crops are essential in the daily lives of local people, the results indicate that a strategy that combines both awareness raising and on-farm conservation measures can generate higher crop diversity and better serve the climate-resilient livelihoods of people in mountainous areas.展开更多
The triad of micrognathia, glossoptosis and airway obstruction originally described in 1923 by Pierre Robin, is known as Robin sequence (or Pierre robin sequence “PRS”). PRS is characterized by micrognathia (small a...The triad of micrognathia, glossoptosis and airway obstruction originally described in 1923 by Pierre Robin, is known as Robin sequence (or Pierre robin sequence “PRS”). PRS is characterized by micrognathia (small and symmetrical receded mandible), glossoptosis (tongue of variable size falls backwards into the post pharyngeal wall), and cleft palate (U or V shaped). We report a case of 2 hours old newborn presented with micrognathia, retrognathia, and glossoptosis and absent anterior two thirds of tongue.展开更多
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 is a novel coronavirus strain that causes pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome along with other morbidities,collectively known as coronavirus disease 2019(C...Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 is a novel coronavirus strain that causes pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome along with other morbidities,collectively known as coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)disease.There has been widespread discussion about the psychological impact of COVID-19 particularly on children and adolescents.There have been overarching negative effects with regards to decreased physical activity,more screen time,increasingly unhealthy diets,and irregularities in sleep/wake schedules.This,coupled with disruptions in ongoing mental health treatment and associated support structures,has caused unprecedented declines in the emotional and psychosocial wellbeing of children and adolescents.This review aims to systematically review the literature to provide a general overview of the ways in which COVID-19 has affected common psychiatric illnesses in children and adolescents.The included articles in all subsections concluded that symptoms of these common childhood psychiatric disorders have generally been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic.This review indicates that quarantine and the consequent isolation have had multiple significant and consistent negative implications on the mental health of children and adolescents.Our study indicates that there should be increased vigilance among providers and families to mitigate the negative psychological effects that the COVID-19 pandemic has on children with common childhood psychiatric disorders.展开更多
Context: Lowlevel lead exposure may increase the risk for a number of chroni c agerelated diseases. Several studies have documented the presence of lead in lenses with cataract. The intrusion of lead into the lens...Context: Lowlevel lead exposure may increase the risk for a number of chroni c agerelated diseases. Several studies have documented the presence of lead in lenses with cataract. The intrusion of lead into the lens may alter lens redox status and cause protein conformational changes that decrease lens transparency. Objective: To determine the relationship of cumulative lead exposure with the d evelopment of cataract. Design, Setting, and Participants: Tibial (cortical) and patellar (trabecular)bone lead levels were measured by K xray fluorescence between 1991 and 1999 in a subset of participants in the Normative Aging Study ( NAS), a Bostonbased longitudinal study of aging in men. Among the first 795 NA S participants to have bone lead levels measured, we reviewed eye examination da ta (collected routinely every 3-5 years) for the period after the bone lead mea surements were taken. We limited the population to men aged 60 years and older w ho had sufficient eye examination information available (n=642). Blood lead leve ls were also measured. Main Outcome Measures: Cataract assessment was done while masked to the lead level results. A participant was considered to have cataract if there was documentation for either eye of cataract surgery or a cataract gra ded clinically as 3+or higher on a 4-point scale. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95%co nfidence intervals (CIs) were calculated as estimates of the magnitude and signi ficance of the relationship of lead exposure with cataract, in logistic regressi on models. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 69 years and cata ract was identified in 122 men. The ageadjusted OR (95%CI) for cataract for m en in the highest vs lowest quintile of tibia lead level was 2.68 (1.31-5.50). Further adjustment for packyears of cigarette smoking, diabetes, blood lead le vels, and intake of vitamin C, vitamin E, and carotenoids resulted in an OR of 3 .19 (95%CI, 1.48-6.90). For patella lead level, there was an increased risk of cataract in the highest vs lowest 展开更多
BACKGROUND Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is among the most prevalent forms of dementia in the world and neuropathological studies suggest similar high prevalence of mixed(AD+vascular)dementias.Approximately 25%-50%of indivi...BACKGROUND Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is among the most prevalent forms of dementia in the world and neuropathological studies suggest similar high prevalence of mixed(AD+vascular)dementias.Approximately 25%-50%of individuals with AD develop psychosis sometime during their illness.The presence of psychosis in AD worsens outcomes.Currently there are no United States Food and Drug Administration(FDA)approved medications for the treatment of psychosis in AD.Pimavanserin,a novel atypical antipsychotic medication,was approved by the FDA for the treatment of hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson disease psychosis and is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of psychosis in AD.AIM To evaluate the existing literature regarding the use of pimavanserin for treating psychosis among individuals with AD.METHODS A literature review of clinical studies of pimavanserin treatment for psychosis in individuals with AD was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines.Trials were identified by systematically searching PubMed,MEDLINE,EMBASE,Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials,Web of Science,and Scopus through October 2019.The 5-point Jadad scoring system was used to assess the methodologic quality of the randomized placebo-controlled trials.RESULTS A total of 499 citations were retrieved and pooled in EndNote and de-duplicated to 258 citations.This set was uploaded to Covidence for screening.Two separate screeners(Srinivasan S and Tampi RR)evaluated the titles,abstracts,and full text of eligible articles.Of the identified 258 abstracts,98 articles underwent full text review and 2 publications from 1 randomized controlled trial(RCT)were included in the final analysis.The quality of evidence was assessed to be of good methodologic quality,scoring 4 out of 5 using the 5-point Jadad questionnaire with the Jadad Scoring calculation.This systematic review found only one RCT that evaluated the use of pimavanserin for the treatment of psychosis among indivi展开更多
The US Navy VLF/LF Transmitter’s NSY signal (45.9 kHz) transmitted from Niscemi, Sicily, Italy, and received at the Kiel Long Wave Monitor, Germany, was analyzed for the period of two months, May and June (EQ-month) ...The US Navy VLF/LF Transmitter’s NSY signal (45.9 kHz) transmitted from Niscemi, Sicily, Italy, and received at the Kiel Long Wave Monitor, Germany, was analyzed for the period of two months, May and June (EQ-month) of 2013. There were 12 earthquakes of magnitude greater than 4 that hit Italy in these two months,?of which the earthquake of 21st June having magnitude of 5.2?and a shallow focal depth of 5 km was the major one. We studied the earthquake of 21st of June 2013, which struck Tuscany,?Central Italy, (44.1713°N and?10.2082°E) at 10:33 UT, and also analyzed the effects of this earthquake on the?sub-ionos-?pheric VLF/LF signals. In addition, we also studied another earthquake, of magnitude 4.9, which hit the same place at 14:40 UT on 30th of June and had shallow focal depth of 10 km. We assessed the data using terminator time (TT) method and night time fluctuation method and found unusual changes in VLF/LF amplitudes/phases. Analysis of trend, night time dispersion, and night time fluctuation was also carried and several anomalies were detected. Most ionospheric perturbations in these parameters were found in the month?of June, from few days to few weeks prior to the earthquakes. Moreover, we filtered the possible effects due to geomagnetic storms, auroras, and solar activities?using parameters like?Dst index, AE index, and Kp index for analyzing the geomagnetic effects,?and Bz (sigma) index, sunspot numbers, and solar index F10.7 for analyzing the solar activities for the confirmation of anomalies as precursors.展开更多
The middle and upper atmosphere of Earth displays many large-scale oscillations in several parameters. Of these oscillations, Atmospheric Oscillation (AO) and Semi-annual Oscillation (SAO) are prominent ones. In this ...The middle and upper atmosphere of Earth displays many large-scale oscillations in several parameters. Of these oscillations, Atmospheric Oscillation (AO) and Semi-annual Oscillation (SAO) are prominent ones. In this work, we have analyzed the Very Low Frequency/Low Frequency (VLF/LF) data from two of the transmitters of frequency 45.9 kHz at NSY, Sicily, Italy and 37.5 kHz at Grindavik, Iceland. The selected Trasmitter-Receiver Great Circle Path (TRGCP) is middle latitude which is marine in case of Grindavik TRGCP and terrestrial in case of NSY TRGCP. The VLF/LF signals are bounced back and forth from D-layer of ionosphere (altitude at ~65 km during day and ~95 km during night) in Earth-ionospheric waveguide. This infers the presence of atmospheric oscillations as a consequence of change in ionization and recombination rates. Many works related to AO and SAO are mostly done only for equatorial region of the ionosphere and authors have reported the elegant dominancy of AO and SAO in the VLF/LF amplitude pattern over years. To our surprise, in our work it is seen that not only AO and SAO but also other oscillations are necessary to model the oscillation pattern of middle latitude ionosphere.展开更多
Rare earth elements(REE)include the lanthanide series elements(La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Pm,Sm,Eu,Gd,Tb,Dy.Ho,Er,Tm,Yb,and Lu)plus Sc and Y.Currently these metals have become very critical to several modern technologies ranging fro...Rare earth elements(REE)include the lanthanide series elements(La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Pm,Sm,Eu,Gd,Tb,Dy.Ho,Er,Tm,Yb,and Lu)plus Sc and Y.Currently these metals have become very critical to several modern technologies ranging from cell phones and televisions to LED light bulbs and wind turbines.This article summarizes the occurrence of these metals in the Earth’s crust,their mineralogy,different types of deposits both on land and oceans from the standpoint of the new data with more examples from the Indian subcontinent.In addition to their utility to understand the formation of the major Earth reservoirs.multi-faceted updates on the applications of REE in agriculture and medicine including new emerging ones are presented.Environmental hazards including human health issues due to REE mining and large-scale dumping of e-waste containing significant concentrations of REE are summarized.New strategies for the future supply of REE including recent developments in the extraction of REE from coal fired ash and recycling from e-waste are presented.Recent developments in individual REE separation technologies in both metallurgical and recycling operations have been highlighted.An outline of the analytical methods for their precise and accurate determinations required in all these studies,such as,Xray fluorescence spectrometry(XRF),laser induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS),instrumental neutron activation analysis(INAA),inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry(ICP-OES),glow discharge mass spectrometry(GD-MS),inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(including ICP-MS,ICP-TOF-MS,HR-ICP-MS with laser ablation as well as solution nebulization)and other instrumental techniques,in different types of materials are presented.展开更多
As humanity has been polluting the atmosphere with greenhouse gases,the planet is getting warmed up which is triggering the frequency and the intensity of extreme events like heat waves,dry conditions,wildfires,cyclon...As humanity has been polluting the atmosphere with greenhouse gases,the planet is getting warmed up which is triggering the frequency and the intensity of extreme events like heat waves,dry conditions,wildfires,cyclones,tornadoes,lightning,and massive flooding all over the planet Earth.There is considerable evidence that the concentration of greenhouse gases,especially that of CO_(2) has steadily increased in the atmosphere as a result of the indiscriminate use of fossil fuels around the world particularly during the last 70 years.The glaciers in the high mountain and polar regions are diminishing fast,sea levels are rising,and food production is being affected severely in certain parts of the world.In fact,the changing climate has currently become one of the major threats to the survival of civilization.The world scientific communities are warning of a climate emergency and requesting the decision makers to promptly respond and act to sustain life on planet Earth.To deliver net zero emissions by the year 2050,the whole world must phase out the technologies such as coal-powered thermal plants and diesel/petrol/gasoline-powered vehicles which release abundant amounts of CO_(2) and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and invest in the development of clean energies such as hydel,wind,solar,space-solar,and nuclear energies.This transition to a low-carbon economy with the help of these technologies together with other technologies such as hydrogen fuel,fuel cells,electric vehicles,and massive plantations is expected to take our planet Earth to a safe zone in the coming 20-30 years.展开更多
The geochemical characteristics of two sections—the Permian–Triassic boundary(PTB) Guryul Ravine section, Kashmir Valley, Jammu and Kashmir,India; and the Attargoo section, Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India—hav...The geochemical characteristics of two sections—the Permian–Triassic boundary(PTB) Guryul Ravine section, Kashmir Valley, Jammu and Kashmir,India; and the Attargoo section, Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India—have been studied in the context of provenance, paleo-weathering, and plate tectonic setting.These sections represent the siliciclastic sedimentary sequence from the Tethys Himalaya. The PTB siliciclastic sedimentary sequence in these regions primarily consists of sandstones and shales with variable thickness. Present studied sandstones and shales of both sections had chemical index of alteration values between 65 and 74; such values reveal low-to-moderate degree of chemical weathering. The chemical index of weathering in studied samples ranged from 71 to 94, suggesting a minor K-metasomatism effect on these samples. Plagioclase index of alteration in studied sections ranged from 68 to 92, indicating a moderate degree of weathering of plagioclase feldspars. The provenance discriminant function diagram suggests that the detritus involved in the formation of present studied siliciclastic sedimentary rocks fall in quartzose sedimentary and felsic igneous provenances. These sediments were deposited in a passive continental margin plate tectonic setting according to their location on a Si_2 O versus K_2O/Na_2 O tectonic setting diagram.展开更多
A packed column supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) method for the separation of clopidogrel enantiomers on a chiral stationary phase and CO2 with modifier as mobile phase has been developed at an analytical scal...A packed column supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) method for the separation of clopidogrel enantiomers on a chiral stationary phase and CO2 with modifier as mobile phase has been developed at an analytical scale. Among 11 different 2 stationary phases the Chiral cel OD-H column showed by far the best separation properties. The influence of different modifiers, injection solvents, temperature, and pressure, and density of the fluid, respectively, on the separation behaviour has been studied. It was found that the separation behaviour strongly depends on the type of modifier and the modifier content. Temperature and pressure are of less influence.展开更多
REE composition of the carbonates of the auriferous quartz carbonate veins（QCVs） of the Neoarchean Ajjanahalli gold deposit.Chitradurga schist belt.Dharwar Craton,is characterized by U-shaped chondrite normalized RE...REE composition of the carbonates of the auriferous quartz carbonate veins（QCVs） of the Neoarchean Ajjanahalli gold deposit.Chitradurga schist belt.Dharwar Craton,is characterized by U-shaped chondrite normalized REE patterns with both LREE and HREE enrichment and a distinct positive Eu anomaly.As positive Eu anomaly is associated with low oxygen fugacity,we propose that the auriferous fluids responsible for gold mineralization at Ajjanahalli could be from an oxygen depleted fluid.The observed positive Eu anomaly is interpreted to suggest the derivation of the auriferous fluids from a mantle reservoir.The location of Ajjanahalli gold deposit in a crustal scale shear zone is consistent with this interpretation.展开更多
Substance use disorders(SUDs)are a growing problem among older adults.Acamprosate,disulfiram,and naltrexone are United States Food and Drug Administration(referred to as FDA)approved for the treatment of alcohol use d...Substance use disorders(SUDs)are a growing problem among older adults.Acamprosate,disulfiram,and naltrexone are United States Food and Drug Administration(referred to as FDA)approved for the treatment of alcohol use disorder,and buprenorphine is approved for the treatment of opiate use disorder among adults.However,the data on the use of these medications for the treatment of SUDs among older adults are unclear from randomized controlled trials(referred to as RCTs).A review of the literature indicates that there are only two RCTs that evaluated the use of pharmacologic agents for SUDs among older adults(≥50 years).One trial evaluated the use of naltrexone when compared to placebo for the treatment of alcohol use disorder among individuals,50-70 years in age.The other trial evaluated the use of naltrexone or placebo as adjuncts with sertraline in the treatment of alcohol use disorder among individuals older than 55 years in age.Both trials indicated that the use of naltrexone reduced the rates of relapse among older adults with alcohol use disorder.However,we did not identify any RCTs that studied the use of buprenorphine,acamprosate,or disulfiram for SUDs among older adults.Based on available evidence,it would be safe to conclude that limited data indicate some efficacy for naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol use disorder among older adults.However,data from controlled trials on the use of other medications that are FDA approved for the treatment of SUDs among younger adults are nonexistent among older adults with SUDs.展开更多
The high-Mg mafic dykes from the Singhbhum Granitoid Complex in East India have geochemical characteristics[e.g.,enrichment of the large ion lithophile elements and light rare earth elements(LREEs) relative to high fi...The high-Mg mafic dykes from the Singhbhum Granitoid Complex in East India have geochemical characteristics[e.g.,enrichment of the large ion lithophile elements and light rare earth elements(LREEs) relative to high field strength elements(HFSEs):high-MgO(>8%),high-SiO_2(>52%),low-TiO_2(<0.5%),and high CaO/Al_2O_3(>0.58)]similar to those found in boninitic/noritic rocks.Their high percentage of orthopyroxene as a mafic mineral and of plagioclase as a felsic mineral,and normative hypersthene content greater than diopside content are also indications of their boninitic/noritic affinity.On a triangular diagram of MgO-CaO-Al_2O_3 and on binary diagrams of Ti/V vs Ti/Sc and TiO_2 vs Zr,these samples show geochemical similarities with Phanerozoic boninites and Paleoproterozoic high-Mg norites.On major and trace element variation diagrams,these dykes show a normal crystallization trend and their Nb/La(<0.5) and Nb/Ce(<0.21) values lower than average bulk crust(0.69 and0.33,respectively) suggest no crustal contamination.Their low values of Rb/Sr(0.11-0.41) and Rb/Ba(0.10-0.27)also suggest little or no effect of post magmatic processes.Their TiO_2(0.27-0.50),Al_2O_3/TiO_2(19.30-42.48),CaO/TiO_2(12.96-32.52),and Ti/V(12-18) values indicate derivation from a depleted mantle source under oxidizing conditions such as a mantle wedge.Ni vs Zr modeling shows that the studied high-Mg dykes were generated by25-30%melting of a refractory mantle source.Enrichment of Rb,Th,U,Pb,Sr,and LREEs,and depletion of HFSEs—especially Nb,P,Ti,Zr—on primitive mantle—and chondrite-normalized spider diagrams,respectively,are clear signals that the slab-derived component played an important role in the formation of melts for these rocks in a supra-subduction zone setting.展开更多
文摘The research paper investigates the intricate landscape of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) within the context of breast cancer treatment, with a particular focus on the elderly population and the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). The study underscores the heightened susceptibility of elderly patients to DDIs due to the prevalence of polypharmacy and the widespread utilization of CAM among breast cancer patients. The potential ramifications of DDIs, encompassing adverse drug events and diminished treatment efficacy, are elucidated. The paper accentuates the imperative for healthcare providers to comprehensively understand both conventional and CAM therapies, enabling them to provide patients with informed guidance regarding safe and efficacious treatment options, culminating in enhanced patient outcomes.
基金The authors are grateful to the Deanship of Scientific Research,King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia,for funding this work through the Vice Deanship of Scientific Research Chairs:Research Chair of Pervasive and Mobile Computing.
文摘Real-time pedestrian detection is an important task for unmanned driving systems and video surveillance.The existing pedestrian detection methods often work at low speed and also fail to detect smaller and densely distributed pedestrians by losing some of their detection accuracy in such cases.Therefore,the proposed algorithm YOLOv2(“YOU ONLY LOOK ONCE Version 2”)-based pedestrian detection(referred to as YOLOv2PD)would be more suitable for detecting smaller and densely distributed pedestrians in real-time complex road scenes.The proposed YOLOv2PD algorithm adopts a Multi-layer Feature Fusion(MLFF)strategy,which helps to improve the model’s feature extraction ability.In addition,one repeated convolution layer is removed from the final layer,which in turn reduces the computational complexity without losing any detection accuracy.The proposed algorithm applies the K-means clustering method on the Pascal Voc-2007+2012 pedestrian dataset before training to find the optimal anchor boxes.Both the proposed network structure and the loss function are improved to make the model more accurate and faster while detecting smaller pedestrians.Experimental results show that,at 544×544 image resolution,the proposed model achieves 80.7%average precision(AP),which is 2.1%higher than the YOLOv2 Model on the Pascal Voc-2007+2012 pedestrian dataset.Besides,based on the experimental results,the proposed model YOLOv2PD achieves a good trade-off balance between detection accuracy and real-time speed when evaluated on INRIA and Caltech test pedestrian datasets and achieves state-of-the-art detection results.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants No. 42061144004)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Science (Grant No. XDA20010303)。
文摘Agrobiodiversity conservation is vital for achieving sustainability, but empirical studies on the effects of different practices or measures on crop diversity are rare. This study aims to estimate the effects of raising conservation awareness(RCA),building diversity blocks(BDB), and their combination on crop diversity among 240 randomly selected households surrounding the Rupa Lake Watershed in Nepal. Based on descriptive analysis and multiple regression models, the results indicate that the two single measures had no significant effect on the numbers of crop species and varieties grown by households in 2018. However, the combination of RCA and BDB had a significantly positive effect on the number of crop varieties, especially for grain and vegetable crops. Considering that these crops are essential in the daily lives of local people, the results indicate that a strategy that combines both awareness raising and on-farm conservation measures can generate higher crop diversity and better serve the climate-resilient livelihoods of people in mountainous areas.
文摘The triad of micrognathia, glossoptosis and airway obstruction originally described in 1923 by Pierre Robin, is known as Robin sequence (or Pierre robin sequence “PRS”). PRS is characterized by micrognathia (small and symmetrical receded mandible), glossoptosis (tongue of variable size falls backwards into the post pharyngeal wall), and cleft palate (U or V shaped). We report a case of 2 hours old newborn presented with micrognathia, retrognathia, and glossoptosis and absent anterior two thirds of tongue.
文摘Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 is a novel coronavirus strain that causes pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome along with other morbidities,collectively known as coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)disease.There has been widespread discussion about the psychological impact of COVID-19 particularly on children and adolescents.There have been overarching negative effects with regards to decreased physical activity,more screen time,increasingly unhealthy diets,and irregularities in sleep/wake schedules.This,coupled with disruptions in ongoing mental health treatment and associated support structures,has caused unprecedented declines in the emotional and psychosocial wellbeing of children and adolescents.This review aims to systematically review the literature to provide a general overview of the ways in which COVID-19 has affected common psychiatric illnesses in children and adolescents.The included articles in all subsections concluded that symptoms of these common childhood psychiatric disorders have generally been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic.This review indicates that quarantine and the consequent isolation have had multiple significant and consistent negative implications on the mental health of children and adolescents.Our study indicates that there should be increased vigilance among providers and families to mitigate the negative psychological effects that the COVID-19 pandemic has on children with common childhood psychiatric disorders.
文摘Context: Lowlevel lead exposure may increase the risk for a number of chroni c agerelated diseases. Several studies have documented the presence of lead in lenses with cataract. The intrusion of lead into the lens may alter lens redox status and cause protein conformational changes that decrease lens transparency. Objective: To determine the relationship of cumulative lead exposure with the d evelopment of cataract. Design, Setting, and Participants: Tibial (cortical) and patellar (trabecular)bone lead levels were measured by K xray fluorescence between 1991 and 1999 in a subset of participants in the Normative Aging Study ( NAS), a Bostonbased longitudinal study of aging in men. Among the first 795 NA S participants to have bone lead levels measured, we reviewed eye examination da ta (collected routinely every 3-5 years) for the period after the bone lead mea surements were taken. We limited the population to men aged 60 years and older w ho had sufficient eye examination information available (n=642). Blood lead leve ls were also measured. Main Outcome Measures: Cataract assessment was done while masked to the lead level results. A participant was considered to have cataract if there was documentation for either eye of cataract surgery or a cataract gra ded clinically as 3+or higher on a 4-point scale. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95%co nfidence intervals (CIs) were calculated as estimates of the magnitude and signi ficance of the relationship of lead exposure with cataract, in logistic regressi on models. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 69 years and cata ract was identified in 122 men. The ageadjusted OR (95%CI) for cataract for m en in the highest vs lowest quintile of tibia lead level was 2.68 (1.31-5.50). Further adjustment for packyears of cigarette smoking, diabetes, blood lead le vels, and intake of vitamin C, vitamin E, and carotenoids resulted in an OR of 3 .19 (95%CI, 1.48-6.90). For patella lead level, there was an increased risk of cataract in the highest vs lowest
文摘BACKGROUND Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is among the most prevalent forms of dementia in the world and neuropathological studies suggest similar high prevalence of mixed(AD+vascular)dementias.Approximately 25%-50%of individuals with AD develop psychosis sometime during their illness.The presence of psychosis in AD worsens outcomes.Currently there are no United States Food and Drug Administration(FDA)approved medications for the treatment of psychosis in AD.Pimavanserin,a novel atypical antipsychotic medication,was approved by the FDA for the treatment of hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson disease psychosis and is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of psychosis in AD.AIM To evaluate the existing literature regarding the use of pimavanserin for treating psychosis among individuals with AD.METHODS A literature review of clinical studies of pimavanserin treatment for psychosis in individuals with AD was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines.Trials were identified by systematically searching PubMed,MEDLINE,EMBASE,Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials,Web of Science,and Scopus through October 2019.The 5-point Jadad scoring system was used to assess the methodologic quality of the randomized placebo-controlled trials.RESULTS A total of 499 citations were retrieved and pooled in EndNote and de-duplicated to 258 citations.This set was uploaded to Covidence for screening.Two separate screeners(Srinivasan S and Tampi RR)evaluated the titles,abstracts,and full text of eligible articles.Of the identified 258 abstracts,98 articles underwent full text review and 2 publications from 1 randomized controlled trial(RCT)were included in the final analysis.The quality of evidence was assessed to be of good methodologic quality,scoring 4 out of 5 using the 5-point Jadad questionnaire with the Jadad Scoring calculation.This systematic review found only one RCT that evaluated the use of pimavanserin for the treatment of psychosis among indivi
文摘The US Navy VLF/LF Transmitter’s NSY signal (45.9 kHz) transmitted from Niscemi, Sicily, Italy, and received at the Kiel Long Wave Monitor, Germany, was analyzed for the period of two months, May and June (EQ-month) of 2013. There were 12 earthquakes of magnitude greater than 4 that hit Italy in these two months,?of which the earthquake of 21st June having magnitude of 5.2?and a shallow focal depth of 5 km was the major one. We studied the earthquake of 21st of June 2013, which struck Tuscany,?Central Italy, (44.1713°N and?10.2082°E) at 10:33 UT, and also analyzed the effects of this earthquake on the?sub-ionos-?pheric VLF/LF signals. In addition, we also studied another earthquake, of magnitude 4.9, which hit the same place at 14:40 UT on 30th of June and had shallow focal depth of 10 km. We assessed the data using terminator time (TT) method and night time fluctuation method and found unusual changes in VLF/LF amplitudes/phases. Analysis of trend, night time dispersion, and night time fluctuation was also carried and several anomalies were detected. Most ionospheric perturbations in these parameters were found in the month?of June, from few days to few weeks prior to the earthquakes. Moreover, we filtered the possible effects due to geomagnetic storms, auroras, and solar activities?using parameters like?Dst index, AE index, and Kp index for analyzing the geomagnetic effects,?and Bz (sigma) index, sunspot numbers, and solar index F10.7 for analyzing the solar activities for the confirmation of anomalies as precursors.
文摘The middle and upper atmosphere of Earth displays many large-scale oscillations in several parameters. Of these oscillations, Atmospheric Oscillation (AO) and Semi-annual Oscillation (SAO) are prominent ones. In this work, we have analyzed the Very Low Frequency/Low Frequency (VLF/LF) data from two of the transmitters of frequency 45.9 kHz at NSY, Sicily, Italy and 37.5 kHz at Grindavik, Iceland. The selected Trasmitter-Receiver Great Circle Path (TRGCP) is middle latitude which is marine in case of Grindavik TRGCP and terrestrial in case of NSY TRGCP. The VLF/LF signals are bounced back and forth from D-layer of ionosphere (altitude at ~65 km during day and ~95 km during night) in Earth-ionospheric waveguide. This infers the presence of atmospheric oscillations as a consequence of change in ionization and recombination rates. Many works related to AO and SAO are mostly done only for equatorial region of the ionosphere and authors have reported the elegant dominancy of AO and SAO in the VLF/LF amplitude pattern over years. To our surprise, in our work it is seen that not only AO and SAO but also other oscillations are necessary to model the oscillation pattern of middle latitude ionosphere.
文摘Rare earth elements(REE)include the lanthanide series elements(La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Pm,Sm,Eu,Gd,Tb,Dy.Ho,Er,Tm,Yb,and Lu)plus Sc and Y.Currently these metals have become very critical to several modern technologies ranging from cell phones and televisions to LED light bulbs and wind turbines.This article summarizes the occurrence of these metals in the Earth’s crust,their mineralogy,different types of deposits both on land and oceans from the standpoint of the new data with more examples from the Indian subcontinent.In addition to their utility to understand the formation of the major Earth reservoirs.multi-faceted updates on the applications of REE in agriculture and medicine including new emerging ones are presented.Environmental hazards including human health issues due to REE mining and large-scale dumping of e-waste containing significant concentrations of REE are summarized.New strategies for the future supply of REE including recent developments in the extraction of REE from coal fired ash and recycling from e-waste are presented.Recent developments in individual REE separation technologies in both metallurgical and recycling operations have been highlighted.An outline of the analytical methods for their precise and accurate determinations required in all these studies,such as,Xray fluorescence spectrometry(XRF),laser induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS),instrumental neutron activation analysis(INAA),inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry(ICP-OES),glow discharge mass spectrometry(GD-MS),inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(including ICP-MS,ICP-TOF-MS,HR-ICP-MS with laser ablation as well as solution nebulization)and other instrumental techniques,in different types of materials are presented.
文摘As humanity has been polluting the atmosphere with greenhouse gases,the planet is getting warmed up which is triggering the frequency and the intensity of extreme events like heat waves,dry conditions,wildfires,cyclones,tornadoes,lightning,and massive flooding all over the planet Earth.There is considerable evidence that the concentration of greenhouse gases,especially that of CO_(2) has steadily increased in the atmosphere as a result of the indiscriminate use of fossil fuels around the world particularly during the last 70 years.The glaciers in the high mountain and polar regions are diminishing fast,sea levels are rising,and food production is being affected severely in certain parts of the world.In fact,the changing climate has currently become one of the major threats to the survival of civilization.The world scientific communities are warning of a climate emergency and requesting the decision makers to promptly respond and act to sustain life on planet Earth.To deliver net zero emissions by the year 2050,the whole world must phase out the technologies such as coal-powered thermal plants and diesel/petrol/gasoline-powered vehicles which release abundant amounts of CO_(2) and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and invest in the development of clean energies such as hydel,wind,solar,space-solar,and nuclear energies.This transition to a low-carbon economy with the help of these technologies together with other technologies such as hydrogen fuel,fuel cells,electric vehicles,and massive plantations is expected to take our planet Earth to a safe zone in the coming 20-30 years.
文摘The geochemical characteristics of two sections—the Permian–Triassic boundary(PTB) Guryul Ravine section, Kashmir Valley, Jammu and Kashmir,India; and the Attargoo section, Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India—have been studied in the context of provenance, paleo-weathering, and plate tectonic setting.These sections represent the siliciclastic sedimentary sequence from the Tethys Himalaya. The PTB siliciclastic sedimentary sequence in these regions primarily consists of sandstones and shales with variable thickness. Present studied sandstones and shales of both sections had chemical index of alteration values between 65 and 74; such values reveal low-to-moderate degree of chemical weathering. The chemical index of weathering in studied samples ranged from 71 to 94, suggesting a minor K-metasomatism effect on these samples. Plagioclase index of alteration in studied sections ranged from 68 to 92, indicating a moderate degree of weathering of plagioclase feldspars. The provenance discriminant function diagram suggests that the detritus involved in the formation of present studied siliciclastic sedimentary rocks fall in quartzose sedimentary and felsic igneous provenances. These sediments were deposited in a passive continental margin plate tectonic setting according to their location on a Si_2 O versus K_2O/Na_2 O tectonic setting diagram.
文摘A packed column supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) method for the separation of clopidogrel enantiomers on a chiral stationary phase and CO2 with modifier as mobile phase has been developed at an analytical scale. Among 11 different 2 stationary phases the Chiral cel OD-H column showed by far the best separation properties. The influence of different modifiers, injection solvents, temperature, and pressure, and density of the fluid, respectively, on the separation behaviour has been studied. It was found that the separation behaviour strongly depends on the type of modifier and the modifier content. Temperature and pressure are of less influence.
基金funding through Minor Research Project from Indian School of Mines,Dhanbad and SERC,Department of Science & Technology,New Delhi,India
文摘REE composition of the carbonates of the auriferous quartz carbonate veins（QCVs） of the Neoarchean Ajjanahalli gold deposit.Chitradurga schist belt.Dharwar Craton,is characterized by U-shaped chondrite normalized REE patterns with both LREE and HREE enrichment and a distinct positive Eu anomaly.As positive Eu anomaly is associated with low oxygen fugacity,we propose that the auriferous fluids responsible for gold mineralization at Ajjanahalli could be from an oxygen depleted fluid.The observed positive Eu anomaly is interpreted to suggest the derivation of the auriferous fluids from a mantle reservoir.The location of Ajjanahalli gold deposit in a crustal scale shear zone is consistent with this interpretation.
文摘Substance use disorders(SUDs)are a growing problem among older adults.Acamprosate,disulfiram,and naltrexone are United States Food and Drug Administration(referred to as FDA)approved for the treatment of alcohol use disorder,and buprenorphine is approved for the treatment of opiate use disorder among adults.However,the data on the use of these medications for the treatment of SUDs among older adults are unclear from randomized controlled trials(referred to as RCTs).A review of the literature indicates that there are only two RCTs that evaluated the use of pharmacologic agents for SUDs among older adults(≥50 years).One trial evaluated the use of naltrexone when compared to placebo for the treatment of alcohol use disorder among individuals,50-70 years in age.The other trial evaluated the use of naltrexone or placebo as adjuncts with sertraline in the treatment of alcohol use disorder among individuals older than 55 years in age.Both trials indicated that the use of naltrexone reduced the rates of relapse among older adults with alcohol use disorder.However,we did not identify any RCTs that studied the use of buprenorphine,acamprosate,or disulfiram for SUDs among older adults.Based on available evidence,it would be safe to conclude that limited data indicate some efficacy for naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol use disorder among older adults.However,data from controlled trials on the use of other medications that are FDA approved for the treatment of SUDs among younger adults are nonexistent among older adults with SUDs.
文摘The high-Mg mafic dykes from the Singhbhum Granitoid Complex in East India have geochemical characteristics[e.g.,enrichment of the large ion lithophile elements and light rare earth elements(LREEs) relative to high field strength elements(HFSEs):high-MgO(>8%),high-SiO_2(>52%),low-TiO_2(<0.5%),and high CaO/Al_2O_3(>0.58)]similar to those found in boninitic/noritic rocks.Their high percentage of orthopyroxene as a mafic mineral and of plagioclase as a felsic mineral,and normative hypersthene content greater than diopside content are also indications of their boninitic/noritic affinity.On a triangular diagram of MgO-CaO-Al_2O_3 and on binary diagrams of Ti/V vs Ti/Sc and TiO_2 vs Zr,these samples show geochemical similarities with Phanerozoic boninites and Paleoproterozoic high-Mg norites.On major and trace element variation diagrams,these dykes show a normal crystallization trend and their Nb/La(<0.5) and Nb/Ce(<0.21) values lower than average bulk crust(0.69 and0.33,respectively) suggest no crustal contamination.Their low values of Rb/Sr(0.11-0.41) and Rb/Ba(0.10-0.27)also suggest little or no effect of post magmatic processes.Their TiO_2(0.27-0.50),Al_2O_3/TiO_2(19.30-42.48),CaO/TiO_2(12.96-32.52),and Ti/V(12-18) values indicate derivation from a depleted mantle source under oxidizing conditions such as a mantle wedge.Ni vs Zr modeling shows that the studied high-Mg dykes were generated by25-30%melting of a refractory mantle source.Enrichment of Rb,Th,U,Pb,Sr,and LREEs,and depletion of HFSEs—especially Nb,P,Ti,Zr—on primitive mantle—and chondrite-normalized spider diagrams,respectively,are clear signals that the slab-derived component played an important role in the formation of melts for these rocks in a supra-subduction zone setting.
