CRISPR/Cas9 genome targeting systems have been applied to a variety of species. However, most CRISPR/Cas9 systems reported for plants can only modify one or a few target sites. Here, we report a robust CRISPR/Cas9 vec...CRISPR/Cas9 genome targeting systems have been applied to a variety of species. However, most CRISPR/Cas9 systems reported for plants can only modify one or a few target sites. Here, we report a robust CRISPR/Cas9 vector system, utilizing a plant codon optimized Cas9 gene, for convenient and high- efficiency multiplex genome editing in monocot and dicot plants. We designed PCR-based procedures to rapidly generate multiple sgRNA expression cassettes, which can be assembled into the binary CRISPR/ Cas9 vectors in one round of cloning by Golden Gate ligation or Gibson Assembly. With this system, we edi- ted 46 target sites in rice with an average 85.4% rate of mutation, mostly in biallelic and homozygous status. We reasoned that about 16% of the homozygous mutations in rice were generated through the non-homol- ogous end-joining mechanism followed by homologous recombination-based repair. We also obtained uni- form biallelic, heterozygous, homozygous, and chimeric mutations in Arabidopsis T1 plants. The targeted mutations in both rice and Arabidopsis were heritable. We provide examples of loss-of-function gene mu- tations in To rice and T1Arabidopsis plants by simultaneous targeting of multiple （up to eight） members of a gene family, multiple genes in a biosynthetic pathway, or multiple sites in a single gene. This system has provided a versatile toolbox for studying functions of multiple genes and gene families in plants for basic research and genetic improvement.展开更多
Chinese medicine(CM) is usually prescribed as CM formula to treat disease. The lack of effective research approach makes it difficult to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of CM formula owing to its complicated chemic...Chinese medicine(CM) is usually prescribed as CM formula to treat disease. The lack of effective research approach makes it difficult to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of CM formula owing to its complicated chemical compounds. Network pharmacology is increasingly applied in CM formula research in recent years, which is identified suitable for the study of CM formula. In this review, we summarized the methodology of network pharmacology, including network construction, network analysis and network verification. The aim of constructing a network is to achieve the interaction between the bioactive compounds and targets and the interaction between various targets, and then find out and validate the key nodes via network analysis and network verification. Besides, we reviewed the application in CM formula research, mainly including targets discovery, bioactive compounds screening, toxicity evaluation, mechanism research and quality control research. Finally, we proposed prospective in the future and limitations of network pharmacology, expecting to provide new strategy and thinking on study for CM formula.展开更多
The local coordination environment of catalysts has been investigated ftor an extended period to obtain enhanced catalytic performance.Especially with the advancement of single-atom catalysts(SACs),research on the coo...The local coordination environment of catalysts has been investigated ftor an extended period to obtain enhanced catalytic performance.Especially with the advancement of single-atom catalysts(SACs),research on the coordination environment has been advanced to the atomic level.The surrounding coordination atoms of central metal atoms play important roles in their catalytic activity,selectivity and stability.In recent years,remarkable improvements of the catalytic performance of SACs have been achieved by the tailoring of coordination atoms,coordination numbers and second-or higher-coordination shells,which provided new opportunities for the further development of SACs.In this review,the characterization of coordination environment,tailoring of the local coordination environment,and their related adjustable catalytic performance will be discussed.We hope this review will provide new insights on further research of SACs.展开更多
Sorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor capable of facilitating apoptosis,mitigating angiogenesis and suppressing tumor cell proliferation.In late-stage hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),sorafenib is currently an effective f...Sorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor capable of facilitating apoptosis,mitigating angiogenesis and suppressing tumor cell proliferation.In late-stage hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),sorafenib is currently an effective first-line therapy.Unfortunately,the development of drug resistance to sorafenib is becoming increasingly common.This study aims to identify factors contributing to resistance and ways to mitigate resistance.Recent studies have shown that epigenetics,transport processes,regulated cell death,and the tumor microenvironment are involved in the development of sorafenib resistance in HCC and subsequent HCC progression.This study summarizes discoveries achieved recently in terms of the principles of sorafenib resistance and outlines approaches suitable for improving therapeutic outcomes for HCC patients.展开更多
The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Hirnantian Stage （the uppermost of the Ordovician System） is defined at a point 0.39m below the base of the Kuanyinchiao Bed in the Wangj...The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Hirnantian Stage （the uppermost of the Ordovician System） is defined at a point 0.39m below the base of the Kuanyinchiao Bed in the Wangjiawan North section. The section is located near Wangjiawan village, 42 km north of Yichang city （western Hubei, China）, at 30° 58′56″N and 111° 25′10″E. The GSSP level coincides with the first appearance of the graptolite species Normalograptus extraordinarius （Sobolevskaya）. Secondary markers include the onset of a positive carbon-isotope excursion, and a slightly earlier first appearance of Normalograptus ojsuensis （ Koren and Mikhailova ）. The Wangjiawan North section possesses continuity of sedimentation and biozonation with completeness of exposures, abundant and well-preserved graptolites and shelly fossils, i. e. the Hirnantia- Dalmanitina shelly fauna which is a key element for recognition of the Hirnantian Stage. The Wangjiawan North, South and Riverside sections possess favorable facies and widespread correlation potential, are free from structure complication, metamorphism and other alteration, and have good accessibility. The Riverside section in particular possesses amenability to isotopic age determination. The beginning of the Hirnantian was followed by a global episode of a major extinction event, which happened in the Diceratograptus mirus Subzone. The proposal was voted by the International Subcommission on Ordovician Stratigraphy in October, 2004, approved by the International Commission on Stratigraphy in February, 2006, and ratified by the International Union of Geological Sciences in May, 2006.展开更多
The variations of mass concentrations of PM2.5, PMl0, SO2, NO2, CO, and 03 in 31 Chinese provincial capital cities were analyzed based on data from 286 monitoring sites obtained between March 22, 2013 and March 31,201...The variations of mass concentrations of PM2.5, PMl0, SO2, NO2, CO, and 03 in 31 Chinese provincial capital cities were analyzed based on data from 286 monitoring sites obtained between March 22, 2013 and March 31,2014. By comparing the pollutant concentrations over this length of time, the characteristics of the monthly variations of mass concentrations of air pollutants were determined. We used the Pearson correlation coefficient to establish the relationship between PM2.5, PM10, and the gas pollutants. The results revealed significant differences in the concentration levels of air pollutants and in the variations between the different cities. The Pearson correlation coefficients between PMs and NO2 and SO2 were either high or moderate （PM2.s with NO2： r = 0.256-0.688, mean r = 0,498：PM10 with NO2： r = 0.169-0.713, mean r=0.493; PM2.5 with SO2： r=0.232-0.693, mean r=0.449; PM10 with SO2： r=0.131-0.669, mean r = 0.403）. The correlation between PMs and CO was diverse （PM2.5： r = 0.156-0.721, mean r = 0.437; PMl0： r= 0.06-0.67, mean r= 0.380）. The correlation between PMs and 03 was either weak or uncorrelated （PM2.s： r= -0,35 to 0.089, mean r= -0.164; PM10： r= -0.279 to 0.078, mean r= -0.127）, except in Haikou （PM2.5： r=0.500; PM10： r=0,509）.展开更多
AIM: To evaluate the antifibrotic effect of different doses of recombinant human Gamma-Interferon (IFN-gamma) in two rat models of hepatic fibrosis, and to observe its effect on moderate chronic hepatitis B virus fibr...AIM: To evaluate the antifibrotic effect of different doses of recombinant human Gamma-Interferon (IFN-gamma) in two rat models of hepatic fibrosis, and to observe its effect on moderate chronic hepatitis B virus fibrosis. METHODS: Hepatic fibrosis was successfully induced in 150 and 196 rats by subcutaneous injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and intraperitoneal injection of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), respectively. Each of the two model groups was divided into: (1) fibrotic model group; (2) colchicine treatment group (0.1 mg/kg/day, gastrogavage for 8 weeks); (3) high-dose IFN-gamma group (15 MU/kg per day, i.m. for 8 weeks); (4) medium-dose IFN-gamma group (5 MU/kg daily, i.m. for 8 weeks); and (5) Y low-dose IFN-gamma group (1.67 MU/kg daily, i.m. for 8 weeks). Another group of 10 rats without any treatment was used as normal controls. At the end of the experiment, semi-quantitative histopathological scores of inflammation and fibrosis, liver alpha smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) expression level, liver hydroxyl proline content and serum hyaluronic acid levels were compared. And 47 medium chronic hepatitis B viral fibrosis patients were studied. They were given IFN-gamma treatment, 100 MU/day i.m. for the first three months and 100 MU qod i.m. for the next six months. Semi-quantitative pathological scores of inflammation and fibrosis and serum hepatic fibrosis indices were compared within the 9 months. RESULTS: In animal experiment, the pathological fibrosis scores and liver hydroxyl proline content were found to be significantly lower in rats treated with different doses of IFN-gamma as compared with rats in fibrotic model group induced by either CCl4 or DMN, in a dose-dependent manner. For CCl4-induced model, pathological fibrosis scores in high, medium and low doses IFN-gamma groups were 5.10 +/- 2.88, 7.70 +/- 3.53 and 8.00 +/- 3.30, respectively, but the score was 14.60 +/- 7.82 in fibrotic model group. Hydroxyl proline contents were 2.83 +/- 1.18, 3.59 +/- 1.22 and 4.80 +/- 1.62, in the three IFN-ga展开更多
INIRODUCTIONAccording to the therapeutic effect and strategy ofantisense RNA for hepatoccllular carcinoma(HCC),we have specifically synthesized partialcDNA of human insulin-like growth factor Ⅱ(IGF-Ⅱ)and constructed...INIRODUCTIONAccording to the therapeutic effect and strategy ofantisense RNA for hepatoccllular carcinoma(HCC),we have specifically synthesized partialcDNA of human insulin-like growth factor Ⅱ(IGF-Ⅱ)and constructed IGF-Ⅱ cDNA antisenseeukaryotic expression vector.The constructedvector was introduced into hepatoma cell lineSMMC-7721 to block the intrinsic IGF-Ⅱexpression.The biological behavior changes ofhepatoma cells were observed.All these展开更多
INTRODUCTIONChronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious problem because of its world wide distribution and possible adverse sequelae ,such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma .The World Health Organiz...INTRODUCTIONChronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious problem because of its world wide distribution and possible adverse sequelae ,such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma .The World Health Organization estimates that HBV has infected mord than 350 million people worldwide ,and up to 20% of them will become chromic carricrs and will be at significant risk for cirrhosis and HCC .The ultimate goal of the therapy for chronic hepatitis B is to prevent progression to cirrhosis and to prevent development of HCC.展开更多
This paper reports a comprehensive study on the observed and projected spatiotemporal changes in mean and extreme climate over the arid region of northwestern China, based on gridded observation data and CMIP5 simulat...This paper reports a comprehensive study on the observed and projected spatiotemporal changes in mean and extreme climate over the arid region of northwestern China, based on gridded observation data and CMIP5 simulations under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The observational results reveal an increase in annual mean temperature since 1961, largely attributable to the increase in minimum temperature. The annual mean precipitation also exhibits a significant increasing tendency. The precipitation amount in the most recent decade was greater than in any preceding decade since 1961. Seasonally, the greatest increase in temperature and precipitation appears in winter and in summer, respectively. Widespread significant changes in temperature-related extremes are consistent with warming, with decreases in cold extremes and increases in warm extremes. The warming of the coldest night is greater than that of the warmest day, and changes in cold and warm nights are more evident than for cold and warm days. Extreme precipitation and wet days exhibit an increasing trend, and the maximum number of consecutive dry days shows a tendency toward shorter duration. Multi-model ensemble mean projections indicate an overall continual increase in temperature and precipitation during the 21 st century. Decreases in cold extremes, increases in warm extremes, intensification of extreme precipitation, increases in wet days, and decreases in consecutive dry days, are expected under both emissions scenarios, with larger changes corresponding to stronger radiative forcing.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the acupuncture-modulated gastric motility and its underlying neural mechanism.METHODS: Intragastric pressure and/or waves of gastric contraction in rats were recorded by intrapyloric balloon and c...AIM: To investigate the acupuncture-modulated gastric motility and its underlying neural mechanism.METHODS: Intragastric pressure and/or waves of gastric contraction in rats were recorded by intrapyloric balloon and changes of gastric motility induced by acupuncture stimulation were compared with the background activity before any stimulation. Gastro-vagal or splanchnic-sympathetic nerves were recorded or cut respectively for investigating the involvement of autonomic nerve pathways. Spinalization experiment was also performed.RESULTS: Acupuncture-stimulation by exciting Aδ and/or C afferent fibers, could only modulate gastric motility. Acupuncture-stimulation on fore- and hind-limbs evoked a moderate gastric motility followed by increased vagus discharges with unchanged sympathetic activity, while the same stimulus to the acupoints in abdomen resulted in reversed effects on gastric motility and autonomic nervous activities. The inhibitory gastric response was completely abolished by splanchnic denervation, but the facilitative gastric response to stimulation of acupoints in limbs was not influenced, which was opposite to the effect when vagotomy was performed. The similar depressive effects were produced by the stimulation at the acupoints homo-segmental to the gastric innervation in the animals with or without spinalization. However, the facilitation induced by the stimulation at the acupoints hetero-segmental to the gastric innervation was not observed in the spinalized animals.CONCLUSION: Facilitative effects of stimulating hetero-segmental acupoints are involved in the intact preparation of vagal nerves and spinal cord, while the inhibitory response induced by stimulating homo-segmental acupoints is involved in the intact preparation of sympathetic nerves. Only the acupuncture-stimulation with intensity over the threshold of Aδ and/or C afferent fibers can markedly modulate gastrointestinal motility.展开更多
Located northwest of the Jiangshan-Shaoxing Fault Zone,western and northwestern Zhejiang and northeastern Jiangxi provinces experienced major changes in bio-and litho-facies and paleogeography through the Ordovician-S...Located northwest of the Jiangshan-Shaoxing Fault Zone,western and northwestern Zhejiang and northeastern Jiangxi provinces experienced major changes in bio-and litho-facies and paleogeography through the Ordovician-Silurian transition (late Katian,Hirnantian,and early Rhuddanian),as manifested by stratigraphic,paleontologic and synecologic records.Three geographic units under consideration are South,Central,and North areas.The western margin of the South area was occupied by the Huaiyu Mountains,whereas the other two parts were covered by the Zhe-Gan Sea during late Katian (Late Ordovician) time.In the early stage of the Changwu Formation deposition (late Katian),the sea was deepening northeastward,but with shallower conditions in the southwest and deeper conditions in the northeast.During mid to late stages of Changwu Formation deposition (latest Katian),the sea became much shallower and the sea bottom was uplifted substantially,which occurred somewhat prior to the global trend.During the Hirnantian (latest Ordovician) and early Rhuddanian (earliest Silurian),the study region became a shallow bay under expansion of the Cathaysian Oldland.There occurred a major drop of sea level and great changes in benthic biota with the occurrence of many new immigrants through the Ordovician-Silurian transition,which are closely related to a unique regional orogeny.The Yangtze and Cathaysian blocks may have amalgamated within the South China Paleoplate during this interval to cause the continuous uplifting and northwestward expansion of the Cathaysian Oldland.展开更多
AIM To investigate effect of losartan,an AT1receptor antagonist,on hepatic fibrosis induced byCCl<sub>;</sub>and to determine whether or not AT1receptors are expressed on hepatic stellate cells,METHODS AND...AIM To investigate effect of losartan,an AT1receptor antagonist,on hepatic fibrosis induced byCCl<sub>;</sub>and to determine whether or not AT1receptors are expressed on hepatic stellate cells,METHODS AND RESULTS Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing（180±20）g,wererandomized into five groups（control group,modelgroup,and three losartan treated groups）,inwhich all rats were given the subcutaneousinjection of 40% CCl<sub>4</sub>（every 3 days for 6 weeks）except for rats of control group.Rats of losartan-treated groups were treated with losartan（20 mg/kg,10 mg/kg,5 mg/kg,daily gavage）,After 6weeks liver tissue and serum samples of all ratswere examined.Serum hyaluronic acid（HA）,procollagen typeⅢ（PCⅢ）were detected byradioimmunoassays,van Giesion collagen stainingwas used to evaluate the extracellular matrix of ratswith liver fibrosis.The expression of AT1receptors,transforming growth factor-beta（TGF-β）,and alpha-smooth muscle actin（a-SMA）inliver tissue were determined byimmunohistochemical techniques.Compared withmodel group,serum ALT and AST of losartan-treated groups were significantly reduced（t=4.20,P【0.01 and t=4.57,P【0.01）.Serum HAand PCⅢalso had significant differences（t=3.53,P【0.01 and t=2.20,P【0.05）.Thedegree of fibrosis was improved by losartan and correlated with the expressions of AT1 receptors,TGF-β,and α-SMA in liver tissue.CONCLUSION AT1 receptor antagonist,losartan,could limit the progression of the hepatic fibrosisinduced by CCl<sub>4</sub>.The mechanism may be related tothe decrease in the expression of AT1 receptorsand TGF-β,ameliorating the injury of hepatocytes;activation of local renin-angiotensin system mightrelate to hepatic fibrosis;and during progressionof fibrosis,activated hepatic stellate cells mightexpress AT1 receptors.展开更多
The tree shrew （Tupaia belangeri） is a promising laboratory animal that possesses a closer genetic relationship to primates than to rodents. In addition, advantages such as small size, easy breeding, and rapid repro...The tree shrew （Tupaia belangeri） is a promising laboratory animal that possesses a closer genetic relationship to primates than to rodents. In addition, advantages such as small size, easy breeding, and rapid reproduction make the tree shrew an ideal subject for the study of human disease. Numerous tree shrew disease models have been generated in biological and medical studies in recent years. Here we summarize current tree shrew disease models, including models of infectious diseases, cancers, depressive disorders, drug addiction, myopia, metabolic diseases, and immune-related diseases. With the success of tree shrew transgenic technology, this species will be increasingly used in biological and medical studies in the future.展开更多
Chronic hepatitis B is a major health problem in China. The universal vaccination program since 1992 has changed the epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in China from highly to moderately endemic. The most pre...Chronic hepatitis B is a major health problem in China. The universal vaccination program since 1992 has changed the epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in China from highly to moderately endemic. The most prevalent hepatitis B virus strains in China are genotypes B and C, whereas those in western provinces are genotypes D and C/D hybrid. Chronic hepatitis B poses a heavy burden to the society in China. Different treatment strategies have been explored to improve patient outcomes in a cost-effective manner. However, antiviral drugs with a low genetic barrier to resistance are still extensively used because of the generally low income and limited resources in China. Individualized antiviral therapy is closely associated with translational medicine, which utilizes information from studies on genomics, immune biomarkers, and fibrosis. The results of these studies are crucial in further improving treatment outcomes.展开更多
AIM To study hepatocarcinogenesis of hepatitis C virus (HCV). METHODS Expression of HCV antigens (CP10, NS3 and NS5) and several cancer associated gene products (ras p21, c myc, c erbB 2, mutated p53 and p16 pr...AIM To study hepatocarcinogenesis of hepatitis C virus (HCV). METHODS Expression of HCV antigens (CP10, NS3 and NS5) and several cancer associated gene products (ras p21, c myc, c erbB 2, mutated p53 and p16 protein) in the tissues of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, n =46) and its surrounding liver tissue were studied by the ABC (avidin biotin complex) immunohistochemical method. The effect of HCV infection on expression of those gene products in HCC was analyzed by comparing HCV antigen positive group with HCV antigen negative group. RESULTS Positive immunostaining with one, two or three HCV antigens was found in 20 (43 5%) cases, with either of two or three HCV antigens in 16 (34 8%) cases, and with three HCV antigens in 9 (19 6%) cases. Deletion rate of p16 protein expression in HCC with positive HCV antigen (80%, 16/20) was significantly higher than that in HCC with negative HCV antigen. Whereas no significant difference of the other gene product expression was observed between the two groups. CONCLUSION HCV appears related to about one third of cases of HCC in Chongqing, the southwest of China, and it may be involved in hepatocarcinogenesis by inhibiting the function of p16 gene, which acts as a negative regulator of cell cycle.展开更多
AIM To find out the difference of humanprimary liver carcinogenesis between Han andminority ethnic patients in Xinjiang.METHODS Expression of p53,c-erbB-2,H-rasp21 protein and proliferating cell nuclearantigen(PCNA)in...AIM To find out the difference of humanprimary liver carcinogenesis between Han andminority ethnic patients in Xinjiang.METHODS Expression of p53,c-erbB-2,H-rasp21 protein and proliferating cell nuclearantigen(PCNA)in tumor tissues of 50 patients(Han 38,minority 12)with primary hepaticcarcinoma was detected byimmunohistochemistry(LSAB).RESULTS The positive frequency of p53,c-erbB-2,H-rasp21 and PCNA expression was46.0%(23/50),70.0%(35/50),68.0%(34/50)and 82.0%(41/50)in tumor tissues;4.0%(2/50),22.0%(11/50),64.0%(32/50)and 52.0%(26/ 50)in peritumors respectively and asignificant difference,except for H-rasp21,ofoncogene alteration was found(P【0.05)between tumor and non-tumorous tissues.Combined the three oncogenes alteration,26%(13/50)tumor tissues had positiveimmunoreactivity,but in peritumor and normallivers it was negative.The positive rate of p53,c-erbB-2 and H-rasp21 protein expression was39.5%(15/38),60.5%(23/38)and 39.5%(15/38)in tumors of Han patients;66.7%(8/12),100%(12/12)and 75.0%(9/12)in minoritiesrespectively,with statistical difference (P【0.05).CONCLUSION Overexpression of p53,c-erbB-2and H-rasp21 in human primary liver carcinoma isan important biomarker of genetic alteration.The different frequency of these oncogeneticchanges may reflect some environmental or/andethnic hereditary factors affecting the livercarcinogenesis.The special life style of Han,Uygur,Kazak and Mongolia nationalities inXinjiang may also be related to theetiopathogenesis of this disease.展开更多
Background:On May 8,2018,the China National Medical Products Administration(NMPA)approved anlotinib,an orally administered anti-angiogenesis inhibitor,for the treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung ca...Background:On May 8,2018,the China National Medical Products Administration(NMPA)approved anlotinib,an orally administered anti-angiogenesis inhibitor,for the treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung can-cer(NSCLC)who have progressed after treatment with two or more lines of prior systemic chemotherapy.Main body of the abstract:China NMPA reviewed and inspected a regional double-blinded,placebo-controlled,Phase III trial comparing the overall survival(OS)of NSCLC patients between the anlotinib and placebo arms.A total of 437 patients were randomized(2:1)to receive either anlotinib(n=294)or placebo(n=143)once daily on a 2-week on and 1-week off schedule.Patients with epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)or activating anaplastic lymphoma kinase(ALK)genomic tumor aberrations should have disease progression on NMPA-approved therapy.Anlotinib is the first NMPA-approved drug for patients with advanced NSCLC who have progressed on at least two lines of prior systemic chemotherapies in China.The approval was based on a statistically and clinically significant improvement in median OS with anlotinib(9.46 months)compared with placebo[6.37 months;hazard ratio(HR])=0.70,95%confidence interval(CI)=0.55-0.89;two-sided log-rank P=0.002].The confirmed objective response rate(ORR)was 9.2%in the anlotinib arm and 0.7%in the placebo arm.The median duration of response(DoR)was 4.83 months,with a 95%CI of 3.31-6.97 months.The toxicity profile of anlotinib was consistent with that of known anti-angiogenesis inhibitors.Common adverse drug reactions(ADRs)in anlotinib-treated patients included hypertension(67.4%),hand-foot syndrome(43.9%),hemoptysis(14.0%),thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH)elevation(46.6%),and corrected QT interval(QTc)prolongation(26.2%).Short conclusion:Anlotinib demonstrated a clinically significant OS prolongation as a novel therapeutic option for advanced or metastatic NSCLC following at least two lines of chemotherapy.展开更多
The Internet based cyber-physical world has profoundly changed the information environment for the development of artificial intelligence(AI), bringing a new wave of AI research and promoting it into the new era of AI...The Internet based cyber-physical world has profoundly changed the information environment for the development of artificial intelligence(AI), bringing a new wave of AI research and promoting it into the new era of AI 2.0. As one of the most prominent characteristics of research in AI 2.0 era, crowd intelligence has attracted much attention from both industry and research communities. Specifically, crowd intelligence provides a novel problem-solving paradigm through gathering the intelligence of crowds to address challenges. In particular, due to the rapid development of the sharing economy, crowd intelligence not only becomes a new approach to solving scientific challenges, but has also been integrated into all kinds of application scenarios in daily life, e.g., online-tooffline(O2O) application, real-time traffic monitoring, and logistics management. In this paper, we survey existing studies of crowd intelligence. First, we describe the concept of crowd intelligence, and explain its relationship to the existing related concepts, e.g., crowdsourcing and human computation. Then, we introduce four categories of representative crowd intelligence platforms. We summarize three core research problems and the state-of-the-art techniques of crowd intelligence. Finally, we discuss promising future research directions of crowd intelligence.展开更多
文摘CRISPR/Cas9 genome targeting systems have been applied to a variety of species. However, most CRISPR/Cas9 systems reported for plants can only modify one or a few target sites. Here, we report a robust CRISPR/Cas9 vector system, utilizing a plant codon optimized Cas9 gene, for convenient and high- efficiency multiplex genome editing in monocot and dicot plants. We designed PCR-based procedures to rapidly generate multiple sgRNA expression cassettes, which can be assembled into the binary CRISPR/ Cas9 vectors in one round of cloning by Golden Gate ligation or Gibson Assembly. With this system, we edi- ted 46 target sites in rice with an average 85.4% rate of mutation, mostly in biallelic and homozygous status. We reasoned that about 16% of the homozygous mutations in rice were generated through the non-homol- ogous end-joining mechanism followed by homologous recombination-based repair. We also obtained uni- form biallelic, heterozygous, homozygous, and chimeric mutations in Arabidopsis T1 plants. The targeted mutations in both rice and Arabidopsis were heritable. We provide examples of loss-of-function gene mu- tations in To rice and T1Arabidopsis plants by simultaneous targeting of multiple （up to eight） members of a gene family, multiple genes in a biosynthetic pathway, or multiple sites in a single gene. This system has provided a versatile toolbox for studying functions of multiple genes and gene families in plants for basic research and genetic improvement.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81530102)Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Agency Special Funds(No.2017B050504005)Guangzhou City Science and Technology Agency Special Funds(No.201803010069)
文摘Chinese medicine(CM) is usually prescribed as CM formula to treat disease. The lack of effective research approach makes it difficult to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of CM formula owing to its complicated chemical compounds. Network pharmacology is increasingly applied in CM formula research in recent years, which is identified suitable for the study of CM formula. In this review, we summarized the methodology of network pharmacology, including network construction, network analysis and network verification. The aim of constructing a network is to achieve the interaction between the bioactive compounds and targets and the interaction between various targets, and then find out and validate the key nodes via network analysis and network verification. Besides, we reviewed the application in CM formula research, mainly including targets discovery, bioactive compounds screening, toxicity evaluation, mechanism research and quality control research. Finally, we proposed prospective in the future and limitations of network pharmacology, expecting to provide new strategy and thinking on study for CM formula.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2018YFA0702003 and 2016YFA0202801)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51631001,51872030,21890383,21671117,21871159,21901135,51702016,and 51501010)+1 种基金Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young ScholarsBeijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission(No.Z191100007219003).
文摘The local coordination environment of catalysts has been investigated ftor an extended period to obtain enhanced catalytic performance.Especially with the advancement of single-atom catalysts(SACs),research on the coordination environment has been advanced to the atomic level.The surrounding coordination atoms of central metal atoms play important roles in their catalytic activity,selectivity and stability.In recent years,remarkable improvements of the catalytic performance of SACs have been achieved by the tailoring of coordination atoms,coordination numbers and second-or higher-coordination shells,which provided new opportunities for the further development of SACs.In this review,the characterization of coordination environment,tailoring of the local coordination environment,and their related adjustable catalytic performance will be discussed.We hope this review will provide new insights on further research of SACs.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Key Foundation of China(grant No.81530048)the National Natural Youth Fund(grant No.81902485).
文摘Sorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor capable of facilitating apoptosis,mitigating angiogenesis and suppressing tumor cell proliferation.In late-stage hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),sorafenib is currently an effective first-line therapy.Unfortunately,the development of drug resistance to sorafenib is becoming increasingly common.This study aims to identify factors contributing to resistance and ways to mitigate resistance.Recent studies have shown that epigenetics,transport processes,regulated cell death,and the tumor microenvironment are involved in the development of sorafenib resistance in HCC and subsequent HCC progression.This study summarizes discoveries achieved recently in terms of the principles of sorafenib resistance and outlines approaches suitable for improving therapeutic outcomes for HCC patients.
文摘The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Hirnantian Stage （the uppermost of the Ordovician System） is defined at a point 0.39m below the base of the Kuanyinchiao Bed in the Wangjiawan North section. The section is located near Wangjiawan village, 42 km north of Yichang city （western Hubei, China）, at 30° 58′56″N and 111° 25′10″E. The GSSP level coincides with the first appearance of the graptolite species Normalograptus extraordinarius （Sobolevskaya）. Secondary markers include the onset of a positive carbon-isotope excursion, and a slightly earlier first appearance of Normalograptus ojsuensis （ Koren and Mikhailova ）. The Wangjiawan North section possesses continuity of sedimentation and biozonation with completeness of exposures, abundant and well-preserved graptolites and shelly fossils, i. e. the Hirnantia- Dalmanitina shelly fauna which is a key element for recognition of the Hirnantian Stage. The Wangjiawan North, South and Riverside sections possess favorable facies and widespread correlation potential, are free from structure complication, metamorphism and other alteration, and have good accessibility. The Riverside section in particular possesses amenability to isotopic age determination. The beginning of the Hirnantian was followed by a global episode of a major extinction event, which happened in the Diceratograptus mirus Subzone. The proposal was voted by the International Subcommission on Ordovician Stratigraphy in October, 2004, approved by the International Commission on Stratigraphy in February, 2006, and ratified by the International Union of Geological Sciences in May, 2006.
基金funded by the Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology(TNList) Cross-discipline Foundationthe special fund of the Key Laboratory of Eco Planning & Green Building,Ministry of Education(Tsinghua University), China
文摘The variations of mass concentrations of PM2.5, PMl0, SO2, NO2, CO, and 03 in 31 Chinese provincial capital cities were analyzed based on data from 286 monitoring sites obtained between March 22, 2013 and March 31,2014. By comparing the pollutant concentrations over this length of time, the characteristics of the monthly variations of mass concentrations of air pollutants were determined. We used the Pearson correlation coefficient to establish the relationship between PM2.5, PM10, and the gas pollutants. The results revealed significant differences in the concentration levels of air pollutants and in the variations between the different cities. The Pearson correlation coefficients between PMs and NO2 and SO2 were either high or moderate （PM2.s with NO2： r = 0.256-0.688, mean r = 0,498：PM10 with NO2： r = 0.169-0.713, mean r=0.493; PM2.5 with SO2： r=0.232-0.693, mean r=0.449; PM10 with SO2： r=0.131-0.669, mean r = 0.403）. The correlation between PMs and CO was diverse （PM2.5： r = 0.156-0.721, mean r = 0.437; PMl0： r= 0.06-0.67, mean r= 0.380）. The correlation between PMs and 03 was either weak or uncorrelated （PM2.s： r= -0,35 to 0.089, mean r= -0.164; PM10： r= -0.279 to 0.078, mean r= -0.127）, except in Haikou （PM2.5： r=0.500; PM10： r=0,509）.
文摘AIM: To evaluate the antifibrotic effect of different doses of recombinant human Gamma-Interferon (IFN-gamma) in two rat models of hepatic fibrosis, and to observe its effect on moderate chronic hepatitis B virus fibrosis. METHODS: Hepatic fibrosis was successfully induced in 150 and 196 rats by subcutaneous injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and intraperitoneal injection of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), respectively. Each of the two model groups was divided into: (1) fibrotic model group; (2) colchicine treatment group (0.1 mg/kg/day, gastrogavage for 8 weeks); (3) high-dose IFN-gamma group (15 MU/kg per day, i.m. for 8 weeks); (4) medium-dose IFN-gamma group (5 MU/kg daily, i.m. for 8 weeks); and (5) Y low-dose IFN-gamma group (1.67 MU/kg daily, i.m. for 8 weeks). Another group of 10 rats without any treatment was used as normal controls. At the end of the experiment, semi-quantitative histopathological scores of inflammation and fibrosis, liver alpha smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) expression level, liver hydroxyl proline content and serum hyaluronic acid levels were compared. And 47 medium chronic hepatitis B viral fibrosis patients were studied. They were given IFN-gamma treatment, 100 MU/day i.m. for the first three months and 100 MU qod i.m. for the next six months. Semi-quantitative pathological scores of inflammation and fibrosis and serum hepatic fibrosis indices were compared within the 9 months. RESULTS: In animal experiment, the pathological fibrosis scores and liver hydroxyl proline content were found to be significantly lower in rats treated with different doses of IFN-gamma as compared with rats in fibrotic model group induced by either CCl4 or DMN, in a dose-dependent manner. For CCl4-induced model, pathological fibrosis scores in high, medium and low doses IFN-gamma groups were 5.10 +/- 2.88, 7.70 +/- 3.53 and 8.00 +/- 3.30, respectively, but the score was 14.60 +/- 7.82 in fibrotic model group. Hydroxyl proline contents were 2.83 +/- 1.18, 3.59 +/- 1.22 and 4.80 +/- 1.62, in the three IFN-ga
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,No.940319.
文摘INIRODUCTIONAccording to the therapeutic effect and strategy ofantisense RNA for hepatoccllular carcinoma(HCC),we have specifically synthesized partialcDNA of human insulin-like growth factor Ⅱ(IGF-Ⅱ)and constructed IGF-Ⅱ cDNA antisenseeukaryotic expression vector.The constructedvector was introduced into hepatoma cell lineSMMC-7721 to block the intrinsic IGF-Ⅱexpression.The biological behavior changes ofhepatoma cells were observed.All these
文摘INTRODUCTIONChronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious problem because of its world wide distribution and possible adverse sequelae ,such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma .The World Health Organization estimates that HBV has infected mord than 350 million people worldwide ,and up to 20% of them will become chromic carricrs and will be at significant risk for cirrhosis and HCC .The ultimate goal of the therapy for chronic hepatitis B is to prevent progression to cirrhosis and to prevent development of HCC.
基金jointly supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2012CB955900)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2016YFA0600701)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41675069)
文摘This paper reports a comprehensive study on the observed and projected spatiotemporal changes in mean and extreme climate over the arid region of northwestern China, based on gridded observation data and CMIP5 simulations under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The observational results reveal an increase in annual mean temperature since 1961, largely attributable to the increase in minimum temperature. The annual mean precipitation also exhibits a significant increasing tendency. The precipitation amount in the most recent decade was greater than in any preceding decade since 1961. Seasonally, the greatest increase in temperature and precipitation appears in winter and in summer, respectively. Widespread significant changes in temperature-related extremes are consistent with warming, with decreases in cold extremes and increases in warm extremes. The warming of the coldest night is greater than that of the warmest day, and changes in cold and warm nights are more evident than for cold and warm days. Extreme precipitation and wet days exhibit an increasing trend, and the maximum number of consecutive dry days shows a tendency toward shorter duration. Multi-model ensemble mean projections indicate an overall continual increase in temperature and precipitation during the 21 st century. Decreases in cold extremes, increases in warm extremes, intensification of extreme precipitation, increases in wet days, and decreases in consecutive dry days, are expected under both emissions scenarios, with larger changes corresponding to stronger radiative forcing.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. C30100245 National Basic Research 973 Program, No. 2005CB523308
文摘AIM: To investigate the acupuncture-modulated gastric motility and its underlying neural mechanism.METHODS: Intragastric pressure and/or waves of gastric contraction in rats were recorded by intrapyloric balloon and changes of gastric motility induced by acupuncture stimulation were compared with the background activity before any stimulation. Gastro-vagal or splanchnic-sympathetic nerves were recorded or cut respectively for investigating the involvement of autonomic nerve pathways. Spinalization experiment was also performed.RESULTS: Acupuncture-stimulation by exciting Aδ and/or C afferent fibers, could only modulate gastric motility. Acupuncture-stimulation on fore- and hind-limbs evoked a moderate gastric motility followed by increased vagus discharges with unchanged sympathetic activity, while the same stimulus to the acupoints in abdomen resulted in reversed effects on gastric motility and autonomic nervous activities. The inhibitory gastric response was completely abolished by splanchnic denervation, but the facilitative gastric response to stimulation of acupoints in limbs was not influenced, which was opposite to the effect when vagotomy was performed. The similar depressive effects were produced by the stimulation at the acupoints homo-segmental to the gastric innervation in the animals with or without spinalization. However, the facilitation induced by the stimulation at the acupoints hetero-segmental to the gastric innervation was not observed in the spinalized animals.CONCLUSION: Facilitative effects of stimulating hetero-segmental acupoints are involved in the intact preparation of vagal nerves and spinal cord, while the inhibitory response induced by stimulating homo-segmental acupoints is involved in the intact preparation of sympathetic nerves. Only the acupuncture-stimulation with intensity over the threshold of Aδ and/or C afferent fibers can markedly modulate gastrointestinal motility.
基金supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No.KZCX2-YW-Q05-01)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.40825006)+1 种基金Ministry of Science and Technology (Grant Nos.2006CB806402,2006 FY120300-5)Department of Land and Resources of Zhejiang (Grant No.200711)
文摘Located northwest of the Jiangshan-Shaoxing Fault Zone,western and northwestern Zhejiang and northeastern Jiangxi provinces experienced major changes in bio-and litho-facies and paleogeography through the Ordovician-Silurian transition (late Katian,Hirnantian,and early Rhuddanian),as manifested by stratigraphic,paleontologic and synecologic records.Three geographic units under consideration are South,Central,and North areas.The western margin of the South area was occupied by the Huaiyu Mountains,whereas the other two parts were covered by the Zhe-Gan Sea during late Katian (Late Ordovician) time.In the early stage of the Changwu Formation deposition (late Katian),the sea was deepening northeastward,but with shallower conditions in the southwest and deeper conditions in the northeast.During mid to late stages of Changwu Formation deposition (latest Katian),the sea became much shallower and the sea bottom was uplifted substantially,which occurred somewhat prior to the global trend.During the Hirnantian (latest Ordovician) and early Rhuddanian (earliest Silurian),the study region became a shallow bay under expansion of the Cathaysian Oldland.There occurred a major drop of sea level and great changes in benthic biota with the occurrence of many new immigrants through the Ordovician-Silurian transition,which are closely related to a unique regional orogeny.The Yangtze and Cathaysian blocks may have amalgamated within the South China Paleoplate during this interval to cause the continuous uplifting and northwestward expansion of the Cathaysian Oldland.
文摘AIM To investigate effect of losartan,an AT1receptor antagonist,on hepatic fibrosis induced byCCl<sub>;</sub>and to determine whether or not AT1receptors are expressed on hepatic stellate cells,METHODS AND RESULTS Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing（180±20）g,wererandomized into five groups（control group,modelgroup,and three losartan treated groups）,inwhich all rats were given the subcutaneousinjection of 40% CCl<sub>4</sub>（every 3 days for 6 weeks）except for rats of control group.Rats of losartan-treated groups were treated with losartan（20 mg/kg,10 mg/kg,5 mg/kg,daily gavage）,After 6weeks liver tissue and serum samples of all ratswere examined.Serum hyaluronic acid（HA）,procollagen typeⅢ（PCⅢ）were detected byradioimmunoassays,van Giesion collagen stainingwas used to evaluate the extracellular matrix of ratswith liver fibrosis.The expression of AT1receptors,transforming growth factor-beta（TGF-β）,and alpha-smooth muscle actin（a-SMA）inliver tissue were determined byimmunohistochemical techniques.Compared withmodel group,serum ALT and AST of losartan-treated groups were significantly reduced（t=4.20,P【0.01 and t=4.57,P【0.01）.Serum HAand PCⅢalso had significant differences（t=3.53,P【0.01 and t=2.20,P【0.05）.Thedegree of fibrosis was improved by losartan and correlated with the expressions of AT1 receptors,TGF-β,and α-SMA in liver tissue.CONCLUSION AT1 receptor antagonist,losartan,could limit the progression of the hepatic fibrosisinduced by CCl<sub>4</sub>.The mechanism may be related tothe decrease in the expression of AT1 receptorsand TGF-β,ameliorating the injury of hepatocytes;activation of local renin-angiotensin system mightrelate to hepatic fibrosis;and during progressionof fibrosis,activated hepatic stellate cells mightexpress AT1 receptors.
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(81325016,U1602221,81322038 and U1502222)
文摘The tree shrew （Tupaia belangeri） is a promising laboratory animal that possesses a closer genetic relationship to primates than to rodents. In addition, advantages such as small size, easy breeding, and rapid reproduction make the tree shrew an ideal subject for the study of human disease. Numerous tree shrew disease models have been generated in biological and medical studies in recent years. Here we summarize current tree shrew disease models, including models of infectious diseases, cancers, depressive disorders, drug addiction, myopia, metabolic diseases, and immune-related diseases. With the success of tree shrew transgenic technology, this species will be increasingly used in biological and medical studies in the future.
文摘Chronic hepatitis B is a major health problem in China. The universal vaccination program since 1992 has changed the epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in China from highly to moderately endemic. The most prevalent hepatitis B virus strains in China are genotypes B and C, whereas those in western provinces are genotypes D and C/D hybrid. Chronic hepatitis B poses a heavy burden to the society in China. Different treatment strategies have been explored to improve patient outcomes in a cost-effective manner. However, antiviral drugs with a low genetic barrier to resistance are still extensively used because of the generally low income and limited resources in China. Individualized antiviral therapy is closely associated with translational medicine, which utilizes information from studies on genomics, immune biomarkers, and fibrosis. The results of these studies are crucial in further improving treatment outcomes.
文摘AIM To study hepatocarcinogenesis of hepatitis C virus (HCV). METHODS Expression of HCV antigens (CP10, NS3 and NS5) and several cancer associated gene products (ras p21, c myc, c erbB 2, mutated p53 and p16 protein) in the tissues of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, n =46) and its surrounding liver tissue were studied by the ABC (avidin biotin complex) immunohistochemical method. The effect of HCV infection on expression of those gene products in HCC was analyzed by comparing HCV antigen positive group with HCV antigen negative group. RESULTS Positive immunostaining with one, two or three HCV antigens was found in 20 (43 5%) cases, with either of two or three HCV antigens in 16 (34 8%) cases, and with three HCV antigens in 9 (19 6%) cases. Deletion rate of p16 protein expression in HCC with positive HCV antigen (80%, 16/20) was significantly higher than that in HCC with negative HCV antigen. Whereas no significant difference of the other gene product expression was observed between the two groups. CONCLUSION HCV appears related to about one third of cases of HCC in Chongqing, the southwest of China, and it may be involved in hepatocarcinogenesis by inhibiting the function of p16 gene, which acts as a negative regulator of cell cycle.
文摘AIM To find out the difference of humanprimary liver carcinogenesis between Han andminority ethnic patients in Xinjiang.METHODS Expression of p53,c-erbB-2,H-rasp21 protein and proliferating cell nuclearantigen(PCNA)in tumor tissues of 50 patients(Han 38,minority 12)with primary hepaticcarcinoma was detected byimmunohistochemistry(LSAB).RESULTS The positive frequency of p53,c-erbB-2,H-rasp21 and PCNA expression was46.0%(23/50),70.0%(35/50),68.0%(34/50)and 82.0%(41/50)in tumor tissues;4.0%(2/50),22.0%(11/50),64.0%(32/50)and 52.0%(26/ 50)in peritumors respectively and asignificant difference,except for H-rasp21,ofoncogene alteration was found(P【0.05)between tumor and non-tumorous tissues.Combined the three oncogenes alteration,26%(13/50)tumor tissues had positiveimmunoreactivity,but in peritumor and normallivers it was negative.The positive rate of p53,c-erbB-2 and H-rasp21 protein expression was39.5%(15/38),60.5%(23/38)and 39.5%(15/38)in tumors of Han patients;66.7%(8/12),100%(12/12)and 75.0%(9/12)in minoritiesrespectively,with statistical difference (P【0.05).CONCLUSION Overexpression of p53,c-erbB-2and H-rasp21 in human primary liver carcinoma isan important biomarker of genetic alteration.The different frequency of these oncogeneticchanges may reflect some environmental or/andethnic hereditary factors affecting the livercarcinogenesis.The special life style of Han,Uygur,Kazak and Mongolia nationalities inXinjiang may also be related to theetiopathogenesis of this disease.
基金This work was supported by the Grant from Chinese National Major Project for New Drug Innovation(Grant No.2017ZX09304015)
文摘Background:On May 8,2018,the China National Medical Products Administration(NMPA)approved anlotinib,an orally administered anti-angiogenesis inhibitor,for the treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung can-cer(NSCLC)who have progressed after treatment with two or more lines of prior systemic chemotherapy.Main body of the abstract:China NMPA reviewed and inspected a regional double-blinded,placebo-controlled,Phase III trial comparing the overall survival(OS)of NSCLC patients between the anlotinib and placebo arms.A total of 437 patients were randomized(2:1)to receive either anlotinib(n=294)or placebo(n=143)once daily on a 2-week on and 1-week off schedule.Patients with epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)or activating anaplastic lymphoma kinase(ALK)genomic tumor aberrations should have disease progression on NMPA-approved therapy.Anlotinib is the first NMPA-approved drug for patients with advanced NSCLC who have progressed on at least two lines of prior systemic chemotherapies in China.The approval was based on a statistically and clinically significant improvement in median OS with anlotinib(9.46 months)compared with placebo[6.37 months;hazard ratio(HR])=0.70,95%confidence interval(CI)=0.55-0.89;two-sided log-rank P=0.002].The confirmed objective response rate(ORR)was 9.2%in the anlotinib arm and 0.7%in the placebo arm.The median duration of response(DoR)was 4.83 months,with a 95%CI of 3.31-6.97 months.The toxicity profile of anlotinib was consistent with that of known anti-angiogenesis inhibitors.Common adverse drug reactions(ADRs)in anlotinib-treated patients included hypertension(67.4%),hand-foot syndrome(43.9%),hemoptysis(14.0%),thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH)elevation(46.6%),and corrected QT interval(QTc)prolongation(26.2%).Short conclusion:Anlotinib demonstrated a clinically significant OS prolongation as a novel therapeutic option for advanced or metastatic NSCLC following at least two lines of chemotherapy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61532004)
文摘The Internet based cyber-physical world has profoundly changed the information environment for the development of artificial intelligence(AI), bringing a new wave of AI research and promoting it into the new era of AI 2.0. As one of the most prominent characteristics of research in AI 2.0 era, crowd intelligence has attracted much attention from both industry and research communities. Specifically, crowd intelligence provides a novel problem-solving paradigm through gathering the intelligence of crowds to address challenges. In particular, due to the rapid development of the sharing economy, crowd intelligence not only becomes a new approach to solving scientific challenges, but has also been integrated into all kinds of application scenarios in daily life, e.g., online-tooffline(O2O) application, real-time traffic monitoring, and logistics management. In this paper, we survey existing studies of crowd intelligence. First, we describe the concept of crowd intelligence, and explain its relationship to the existing related concepts, e.g., crowdsourcing and human computation. Then, we introduce four categories of representative crowd intelligence platforms. We summarize three core research problems and the state-of-the-art techniques of crowd intelligence. Finally, we discuss promising future research directions of crowd intelligence.
