Visualization onboarding supports users in reading,interpreting,and extracting information from visual data representations.General-purpose onboarding tools and libraries are applicable for explaining a wide range of ...Visualization onboarding supports users in reading,interpreting,and extracting information from visual data representations.General-purpose onboarding tools and libraries are applicable for explaining a wide range of graphical user interfaces but cannot handle specific visualization requirements.This paper describes a first step towards developing an onboarding library called VisAhoi,which is easy to integrate,extend,semi-automate,reuse,and customize.VisAhoi supports the creation of onboarding elements for different visualization types and datasets.We demonstrate how to extract and describe onboarding instructions using three well-known high-level descriptive visualization grammars—Vega-Lite,Plotly.js,and ECharts.We show the applicability of our library by performing two usage scenarios that describe the integration of VisAhoi into a VA tool for the analysis of high-throughput screening(HTS)data and,second,into a Flourish template to provide an authoring tool for data journalists for a treemap visualization.We provide a supplementary website(https://datavisyn.github.io/visAhoi/)that demonstrates the applicability of VisAhoi to various visualizations,including a bar chart,a horizon graph,a change matrix/heatmap,a scatterplot,and a treemap visualization.展开更多
Hyperbolic metamaterials with a unique hyperbolic dispersion relation allow propagating waves with infinitely largewavevectors and a high density of states. Researchers from Korea and Singapore provide a comprehensive...Hyperbolic metamaterials with a unique hyperbolic dispersion relation allow propagating waves with infinitely largewavevectors and a high density of states. Researchers from Korea and Singapore provide a comprehensive review ofhyperbolic metamaterials, including artificially structured hyperbolic media and natural hyperbolic materials. Theyexplain key nanophotonic concepts and describe a range of applications for these versatile materials.展开更多
Entanglement-based quantum key distribution(QKD)promises enhanced robustness against eavesdropping and compatibility with future quantum networks.Among other sources,semiconductor quantum dots(QDs)can generate polariz...Entanglement-based quantum key distribution(QKD)promises enhanced robustness against eavesdropping and compatibility with future quantum networks.Among other sources,semiconductor quantum dots(QDs)can generate polarization-entangled photon pairs with near-unity entanglement fidelity and a multiphoton emission probability close to zero even at maximum brightness.These properties have been demonstrated under resonant two-photon excitation(TPE)and at operation temperatures below 10 K.However,source blinking is often reported under TPE conditions,limiting the maximum achievable photon rate.In addition,operation temperatures reachable with compact cryocoolers could facilitate the widespread deployment of QDs,e.g.,in satellite-based quantum communication.We demonstrate blinking-free emission of highly entangled photon pairs from GaAs QDs embedded in a p-i-n diode.High fidelity entanglement persists at temperatures of at least 20 K,which we use to implement fiber-based QKD between two buildings with an average raw key rate of 55 bits/s and a qubit error rate of 8.4%.We are confident that by combining electrical control with already demonstrated photonic and strain engineering,QDs will keep approaching the ideal source of entangled photons for real world applications.展开更多
Comprehending and exploring large and complex data is becoming increasingly important for a diverse population of users in a wide range of application domains.Visualization has proven to be well-suited in supporting t...Comprehending and exploring large and complex data is becoming increasingly important for a diverse population of users in a wide range of application domains.Visualization has proven to be well-suited in supporting this endeavor by tapping into the power of human visual perception.However,non-experts in the field of visual data analysis often have problems with correctly reading and interpreting information from visualization idioms that are new to them.To support novices in learning how to use new digital technologies,the concept of onboarding has been successfully applied in other fields and first approaches also exist in the visualization domain.However,empirical evidence on the effectiveness of such approaches is scarce.Therefore,we conducted three studies with Amazon Mechanical Turk(MTurk)workers and students investigating visualization onboarding at different levels:(1)Firstly,we explored the effect of visualization onboarding,using an interactive step-by-step guide,on user performance for four increasingly complex visualization techniques with time-oriented data:a bar chart,a horizon graph,a change matrix,and a parallel coordinates plot.We performed a between-subject experiment with 596 participants in total.The results showed that there are no significant differences between the answer correctness of the questions with and without onboarding.Particularly,participants commented that for highly familiar visualization types no onboarding is needed.However,for the most unfamiliar visualization type—the parallel coordinates plot—performance improvement can be observed with onboarding.(2)Thus,we performed a second study with MTurk workers and the parallel coordinates plot to assess if there is a difference in user performances on different visualization onboarding types:step-by-step,scrollytelling tutorial,and video tutorial.The study revealed that the video tutorial was ranked as the most positive on average,based on a sentiment analysis,followed by the scrollytelling tutorial and the interactive step-by-展开更多
A typical problem in Visual Analytics(VA)is that users are highly trained experts in their application domains,but have mostly no experience in using VA systems.Thus,users often have difficulties interpreting and work...A typical problem in Visual Analytics(VA)is that users are highly trained experts in their application domains,but have mostly no experience in using VA systems.Thus,users often have difficulties interpreting and working with visual representations.To overcome these problems,user assistance can be incorporated into VA systems to guide experts through the analysis while closing their knowledge gaps.Different types of user assistance can be applied to extend the power of VA,enhance the user’s experience,and broaden the audience for VA.Although different approaches to visualization onboarding and guidance in VA already exist,there is a lack of research on how to design and integrate them in effective and efficient ways.Therefore,we aim at putting together the pieces of the mosaic to form a coherent whole.Based on the Knowledge-Assisted Visual Analytics model,we contribute a conceptual model of user assistance for VA by integrating the process of visualization onboarding and guidance as the two main approaches in this direction.As a result,we clarify and discuss the commonalities and differences between visualization onboarding and guidance,and discuss how they benefit from the integration of knowledge extraction and exploration.Finally,we discuss our descriptive model by applying it to VA tools integrating visualization onboarding and guidance,and showing how they should be utilized in different phases of the analysis in order to be effective and accepted by the user.展开更多
Background Healthcare workers are considered a particularly high-risk group during the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic.Healthcare workers in paediatries are a unique subgroup:they come into frequent contact...Background Healthcare workers are considered a particularly high-risk group during the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic.Healthcare workers in paediatries are a unique subgroup:they come into frequent contact with children,who often experience few or no symptoms when infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS CoV-2)and,therefore,may transmit the disease to unprotected staff.In Germany,no studies exist evaluating the risk of COVID-19 to healthcare workers in paediatric institutions.Methods We tested the staff at a large children's hospital in Germany for immunoglobulin(Ig)G antibodies against the nucle-ocapsid protein of SARS CoV-2 in a period between the first and second epidemic wave in Germany.We used a questionnaire to assess each individual's exposure risk and his/her own perception of having already been infected with SARS-CoV-2.Results We recruited 619 participants from all sectors,clinical and non-clinical,constituting 70%of the entire staff.The seroprevalence of SARS CoV-2 antibodies was 0.325%(95%confidence interval 0.039-I.168).Self-perceived risk of a previ-ous SARS-CoV-2 infection decreased with age(odds ratio,0.81;95%confidence interval,0.70-0.93).Having experienced symptoms more than doubled the odds of a high self-perceived risk(odds ratio,2.18;95%confidence interval,1.59--3.00).There was no significant difference in self perceived risk between men and women.Conclusions Seroprevalence was low among healtheare workers at a large children's hospital in Germany before the second epidemic wave,and it was far from a level that confers herd immunity.Self-perceived risk of infection is often overestimated.展开更多
Elevated iron stores as indicated by hyperferritinemiawith normal or mildly elevated transferrin saturation a n d m o s t l y m i l d h e p a t i c i r o n d e p o s i t i o n a r e a characteristic finding in subject...Elevated iron stores as indicated by hyperferritinemiawith normal or mildly elevated transferrin saturation a n d m o s t l y m i l d h e p a t i c i r o n d e p o s i t i o n a r e a characteristic finding in subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD). Excess iron is observed in approximately one third of NAFLD patients and is commonly referred to as the "dysmetabolic iron overload syndrome". Clinical evidence suggests that elevated body iron stores aggravate the clinical course of NAFLD with regard to liver-related and extrahepatic disease complications which relates to the fact that excess iron catalyses the formation of toxic hydroxylradicals subsequently resulting in cellular damage. Iron removal improves insulin sensitivity, delays the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus, improves pathologic liver function tests and likewise ameliorates NAFLD histology. Several mechanisms contribute to pathologic iron accumulation in NAFLD. These include impaired iron export from hepatocytes and mesenchymal Kupffer cells as a consequence of imbalances in the concentrations of iron regulatory factors, such as hepcidin, cytokines, copper or other dietary factors. This review summarizes the knowledge about iron homeostasis in NAFLD and the rationale for its therapeutic implications.展开更多
The brain is a dynamic organ of the biological renaissance due to the existence of neuroplasticity. Adult neurogenesis abides by every aspect of neuroplasticity in the intact brain and contributes to neural regenerati...The brain is a dynamic organ of the biological renaissance due to the existence of neuroplasticity. Adult neurogenesis abides by every aspect of neuroplasticity in the intact brain and contributes to neural regeneration in response to brain diseases and injury. The occurrence of adult neurogenesis has unequivocally been witnessed in human subjects, experimental and wildlife research including rodents, bats and cetaceans. Adult neurogenesis is a complex cellular process, in which generation of neuroblasts namely, neuroblastosis appears to be an integral process that occur in the limbic system and basal ganglia in addition to the canonical neurogenic niches. Neuroblastosis can be regulated by various factors and contributes to different functions of the brain. The characteristics and fate of neuroblasts have been found to be different among mammals regardless of their cognitive functions. Recently, regulation of neuroblastosis has been proposed for the sensorimotor interface and regenerative neuroplasticity of the adult brain. Hence, the understanding of adult neurogenesis at the functional level of neuroblasts requires a great scientific attention. Therefore, this mini-review provides a glimpse into the conceptual development of neuroplasticity, discusses the possible role of different types of neuroblasts and signifies neuroregenerative failure as a potential cause of dementia.展开更多
Abstract The expression of early developmental markers such as doublecortin （DCX） and the polysialylated-neural cell adhesion molecule （PSA-NCAMIp has been used to identify immature neurons within canonical neuroge...Abstract The expression of early developmental markers such as doublecortin （DCX） and the polysialylated-neural cell adhesion molecule （PSA-NCAMIp has been used to identify immature neurons within canonical neurogenic niches. Additionally, DCX/PSA-NCAM ＋ immature neurons reside in cortical layer II of the paleocortex and in the paleo- and entorhinal cortex of mice and rats, respectively. These cells are also found in the neocortex of guinea pigs, rabbits, some afrotherian mammals, cats, dogs, non-human primates, and humans. The population of cortical DCX/PSA-NCAM ＋ immature neurons is generated prenatally as conclusively demonstrated in mice, rats, and guinea pigs. Thus, the majority of these cells do not appear to be the product of adult proliferative events. The immature neurons in cortical layer II are most abundant in the corlLices of young individuals, while very few DCX/PSA-NCAM ＋ cortical neurons can be detected in aged mammals. Maturation of DCX/PSA-NCAM ＋ cells into glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons has been proposed as an explanation for the age-dependent reduction in their population over time. In this review, we compile the recent information regarding the age-related decrease in the number of cortical DCX/PSA-NCAM ＋ neurons. We compare the distribution and fates of DCX/PSA-NCAM ＋ neurons among mammalian species and speculate their impact on cognitive function. To respond to the diversity of adult neurogenesis research produced over the last number of decades, we close this review by discussing the use and precision of the term ＂adult non-canonical neurogenesis.＂展开更多
AIM To systematically review reports on deceased-donor-lobar lung transplantation(dd LLTx) and uniformly describe sizematching using the donor-to-recipient predicted-total lung-capacity(pT LC) ratio. METHODS We set ou...AIM To systematically review reports on deceased-donor-lobar lung transplantation(dd LLTx) and uniformly describe sizematching using the donor-to-recipient predicted-total lung-capacity(pT LC) ratio. METHODS We set out to systematically review reports on ddL LTx and uniformly describe size matching using the donorto-recipient pT LC ratio and to summarize reported oneyear survival data of ddL LTx and conventional-LTx. We searched in Pub Med, CINAHL via EBSCO, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews via Wiley(CDSR),Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects via Wiley(DARE), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials via Wiley(CENTRAL), Scopus(which includes EMBASE abstracts), and Web of Science for original reports on ddL LTx. RESULTS Nine observational cohort studies reporting on 301 ddL LTx met our inclusion criteria for systematic review of size matching, and eight for describing one-year-survival. The dd LLTx-group was often characterized by high acuity;however there was heterogeneity in transplant indications and pre-operative characteristics between studies. Data to calculate the pT LC ratio was available for 242 ddL LTx(80%). The mean pT LCratio before lobar resection was1.25 ± 0.3 and the transplanted pT LCratio after lobar resection was 0.76 ± 0.2. One-year survival in the ddL LTxgroup ranged from 50%-100%, compared to 72%-88%in the conventional-LTx group. In the largest study ddL LTx(n = 138) was associated with a lower one-year-survival compared to conventional-LTx(n = 539)(65.1% vs84.1%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Further investigations of optimal donor-to-recipient size matching parameters for ddL LTx could improve outcomes of this important surgical option.展开更多
In small cell lung cancer cells, various autocrine stimuli lead to the parallel activation of Gq/11 and G12/13 proteins. The contribution of the Gq/11-PLC-β cascade to the mitogenic effects in SCLC cells is well esta...In small cell lung cancer cells, various autocrine stimuli lead to the parallel activation of Gq/11 and G12/13 proteins. The contribution of the Gq/11-PLC-β cascade to the mitogenic effects in SCLC cells is well established, but the relevance of G12/13 signaling is less explored. While in prostate and breast cancer, G12/13 activation has been shown previously to promote invasiveness without being involved in cellular proliferation, previous data from our group indicate anti-proliferative effects of G12/13 knockdown in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. To further investigate the role of G12/13-dependent signaling in lung tumor cells, we employed shRNA-mediated targeting of Gα12, Gα13, or both, in SCLC and NSCLC cell lines. Lentiviral expression of shRNAs resulted in specific Gα12 and Gα13 knockdown. Of note, upon single knockdown of one family member, no counter-upregulation of the other one was observed. Interestingly, inhibition of proliferation was cell line dependent. In cell lines where knock-down led to antiproliferation, single knockdown of either Gα12 or Gα13 was sufficient to impair proliferation and double knockdown of Gα12 and Gα13 tended not to further increase anti-proliferative effects. Likewise, when single knockdown was insufficient for an inhibition of proliferation, no effects were observed in double knockdowns. Taken together, these findings indicate that both Gα12 and Gα13 affect cellular proliferation individually and interference with one family member is sufficient for anti-tumor effects.展开更多
基金funded by the BMK under the ICT of the Future program via the SEVA project(no.874018)by the Austrian Science Fund as part of the Vis4Schools project(I 5622-N)and the docs.funds.connect project Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence(no.DFH 23-N).
文摘Visualization onboarding supports users in reading,interpreting,and extracting information from visual data representations.General-purpose onboarding tools and libraries are applicable for explaining a wide range of graphical user interfaces but cannot handle specific visualization requirements.This paper describes a first step towards developing an onboarding library called VisAhoi,which is easy to integrate,extend,semi-automate,reuse,and customize.VisAhoi supports the creation of onboarding elements for different visualization types and datasets.We demonstrate how to extract and describe onboarding instructions using three well-known high-level descriptive visualization grammars—Vega-Lite,Plotly.js,and ECharts.We show the applicability of our library by performing two usage scenarios that describe the integration of VisAhoi into a VA tool for the analysis of high-throughput screening(HTS)data and,second,into a Flourish template to provide an authoring tool for data journalists for a treemap visualization.We provide a supplementary website(https://datavisyn.github.io/visAhoi/)that demonstrates the applicability of VisAhoi to various visualizations,including a bar chart,a horizon graph,a change matrix/heatmap,a scatterplot,and a treemap visualization.
文摘Hyperbolic metamaterials with a unique hyperbolic dispersion relation allow propagating waves with infinitely largewavevectors and a high density of states. Researchers from Korea and Singapore provide a comprehensive review ofhyperbolic metamaterials, including artificially structured hyperbolic media and natural hyperbolic materials. Theyexplain key nanophotonic concepts and describe a range of applications for these versatile materials.
基金financially supported by the Austrian Science Fund(FWF)via the Research Group FG5,P 29603,P 30459,I 4320,I 4380,I 3762the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Grant Agreements No.899814(Qurope)and No.871130(Ascent+)the Linz Institute of Technology(LIT),and the LIT Secure and Correct Systems Lab,supported by the State of Upper Austria.
文摘Entanglement-based quantum key distribution(QKD)promises enhanced robustness against eavesdropping and compatibility with future quantum networks.Among other sources,semiconductor quantum dots(QDs)can generate polarization-entangled photon pairs with near-unity entanglement fidelity and a multiphoton emission probability close to zero even at maximum brightness.These properties have been demonstrated under resonant two-photon excitation(TPE)and at operation temperatures below 10 K.However,source blinking is often reported under TPE conditions,limiting the maximum achievable photon rate.In addition,operation temperatures reachable with compact cryocoolers could facilitate the widespread deployment of QDs,e.g.,in satellite-based quantum communication.We demonstrate blinking-free emission of highly entangled photon pairs from GaAs QDs embedded in a p-i-n diode.High fidelity entanglement persists at temperatures of at least 20 K,which we use to implement fiber-based QKD between two buildings with an average raw key rate of 55 bits/s and a qubit error rate of 8.4%.We are confident that by combining electrical control with already demonstrated photonic and strain engineering,QDs will keep approaching the ideal source of entangled photons for real world applications.
基金This work was funded by the Austrian Ministry for Transport,Innovation and Technology(BMVIT)under the ICT of the Future program via the SEVA project(no.874018),as well as the FFG,Contract No.881844:‘‘Pro2Future is funded within the Austrian COMET Program Competence Centers for Excellent Technologies under the auspices of the Austrian Federal Ministry for Climate Action,Environment,Energy,Mobility,Innovation and Technology,the Austrian Federal Ministry for Digital and Economic Affairs and of the Provinces of Upper Austria and Styria.COMET is managed by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency FFG’’.
文摘Comprehending and exploring large and complex data is becoming increasingly important for a diverse population of users in a wide range of application domains.Visualization has proven to be well-suited in supporting this endeavor by tapping into the power of human visual perception.However,non-experts in the field of visual data analysis often have problems with correctly reading and interpreting information from visualization idioms that are new to them.To support novices in learning how to use new digital technologies,the concept of onboarding has been successfully applied in other fields and first approaches also exist in the visualization domain.However,empirical evidence on the effectiveness of such approaches is scarce.Therefore,we conducted three studies with Amazon Mechanical Turk(MTurk)workers and students investigating visualization onboarding at different levels:(1)Firstly,we explored the effect of visualization onboarding,using an interactive step-by-step guide,on user performance for four increasingly complex visualization techniques with time-oriented data:a bar chart,a horizon graph,a change matrix,and a parallel coordinates plot.We performed a between-subject experiment with 596 participants in total.The results showed that there are no significant differences between the answer correctness of the questions with and without onboarding.Particularly,participants commented that for highly familiar visualization types no onboarding is needed.However,for the most unfamiliar visualization type—the parallel coordinates plot—performance improvement can be observed with onboarding.(2)Thus,we performed a second study with MTurk workers and the parallel coordinates plot to assess if there is a difference in user performances on different visualization onboarding types:step-by-step,scrollytelling tutorial,and video tutorial.The study revealed that the video tutorial was ranked as the most positive on average,based on a sentiment analysis,followed by the scrollytelling tutorial and the interactive step-by-
基金the Austrian Science Fund(FWF)as part of the projects VisOnFire and KnoVA(#P27975-NBL,#P31419-N31)the Vienna Science and Technology Fund(WWTF)via the grant ICT19-047(GuidedVA)+1 种基金the Austrian Ministry for Transport,Innovation and Technology(BMVIT)under the ICT of the Future program via the SEVA project(#874018)the FFG,Contract No.854184:“Pro2Future”is funded within the Austrian COMET Program Competence Centers for Excellent Technologies under the auspices of the Austrian Federal Ministry for Transport,Innovation and Technology,the Austrian Federal Ministry for Digital and Economic Affairs,and of the Provinces of Upper Austria and Styria.COMET is managed by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency FFG.
文摘A typical problem in Visual Analytics(VA)is that users are highly trained experts in their application domains,but have mostly no experience in using VA systems.Thus,users often have difficulties interpreting and working with visual representations.To overcome these problems,user assistance can be incorporated into VA systems to guide experts through the analysis while closing their knowledge gaps.Different types of user assistance can be applied to extend the power of VA,enhance the user’s experience,and broaden the audience for VA.Although different approaches to visualization onboarding and guidance in VA already exist,there is a lack of research on how to design and integrate them in effective and efficient ways.Therefore,we aim at putting together the pieces of the mosaic to form a coherent whole.Based on the Knowledge-Assisted Visual Analytics model,we contribute a conceptual model of user assistance for VA by integrating the process of visualization onboarding and guidance as the two main approaches in this direction.As a result,we clarify and discuss the commonalities and differences between visualization onboarding and guidance,and discuss how they benefit from the integration of knowledge extraction and exploration.Finally,we discuss our descriptive model by applying it to VA tools integrating visualization onboarding and guidance,and showing how they should be utilized in different phases of the analysis in order to be effective and accepted by the user.
基金Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEALsupported by Altona Children's Hospital GmbH.Altona Children's Hospital GmbH.No external funding was received.
文摘Background Healthcare workers are considered a particularly high-risk group during the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic.Healthcare workers in paediatries are a unique subgroup:they come into frequent contact with children,who often experience few or no symptoms when infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS CoV-2)and,therefore,may transmit the disease to unprotected staff.In Germany,no studies exist evaluating the risk of COVID-19 to healthcare workers in paediatric institutions.Methods We tested the staff at a large children's hospital in Germany for immunoglobulin(Ig)G antibodies against the nucle-ocapsid protein of SARS CoV-2 in a period between the first and second epidemic wave in Germany.We used a questionnaire to assess each individual's exposure risk and his/her own perception of having already been infected with SARS-CoV-2.Results We recruited 619 participants from all sectors,clinical and non-clinical,constituting 70%of the entire staff.The seroprevalence of SARS CoV-2 antibodies was 0.325%(95%confidence interval 0.039-I.168).Self-perceived risk of a previ-ous SARS-CoV-2 infection decreased with age(odds ratio,0.81;95%confidence interval,0.70-0.93).Having experienced symptoms more than doubled the odds of a high self-perceived risk(odds ratio,2.18;95%confidence interval,1.59--3.00).There was no significant difference in self perceived risk between men and women.Conclusions Seroprevalence was low among healtheare workers at a large children's hospital in Germany before the second epidemic wave,and it was far from a level that confers herd immunity.Self-perceived risk of infection is often overestimated.
基金Supported by PMU-Forschungsforderungsfonds,No.E-13/17/086-AIGthe Austrian Research Funds,FWF to Weiss G,Project TRP-188SPAR Austria to Christian Datz is gratefully acknowledged
文摘Elevated iron stores as indicated by hyperferritinemiawith normal or mildly elevated transferrin saturation a n d m o s t l y m i l d h e p a t i c i r o n d e p o s i t i o n a r e a characteristic finding in subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD). Excess iron is observed in approximately one third of NAFLD patients and is commonly referred to as the "dysmetabolic iron overload syndrome". Clinical evidence suggests that elevated body iron stores aggravate the clinical course of NAFLD with regard to liver-related and extrahepatic disease complications which relates to the fact that excess iron catalyses the formation of toxic hydroxylradicals subsequently resulting in cellular damage. Iron removal improves insulin sensitivity, delays the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus, improves pathologic liver function tests and likewise ameliorates NAFLD histology. Several mechanisms contribute to pathologic iron accumulation in NAFLD. These include impaired iron export from hepatocytes and mesenchymal Kupffer cells as a consequence of imbalances in the concentrations of iron regulatory factors, such as hepcidin, cytokines, copper or other dietary factors. This review summarizes the knowledge about iron homeostasis in NAFLD and the rationale for its therapeutic implications.
基金supported by the FWF Special Research Program(SFB)F44(F4413-B23)"Cell Signaling in Chronic CNS Disorders",and through funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program(FP7/2007-2013)under grant agreements n°HEALTH-F2-2011-278850(INMi ND),n°HEALTH-F2-2011-279288(IDEA),n°FP7-REGPOT-316120(Glow Brain)a startup grant from the Faculty Recharge Programme,University Grants Commission(UGC-FRP),New Delhi,India(to MK)+1 种基金a research grant from DST-SERB,New Delhi,India(EEQ/2016/000639)(to MK)an Early Career Research Award(ECR/2016/000741)(to MK)
文摘The brain is a dynamic organ of the biological renaissance due to the existence of neuroplasticity. Adult neurogenesis abides by every aspect of neuroplasticity in the intact brain and contributes to neural regeneration in response to brain diseases and injury. The occurrence of adult neurogenesis has unequivocally been witnessed in human subjects, experimental and wildlife research including rodents, bats and cetaceans. Adult neurogenesis is a complex cellular process, in which generation of neuroblasts namely, neuroblastosis appears to be an integral process that occur in the limbic system and basal ganglia in addition to the canonical neurogenic niches. Neuroblastosis can be regulated by various factors and contributes to different functions of the brain. The characteristics and fate of neuroblasts have been found to be different among mammals regardless of their cognitive functions. Recently, regulation of neuroblastosis has been proposed for the sensorimotor interface and regenerative neuroplasticity of the adult brain. Hence, the understanding of adult neurogenesis at the functional level of neuroblasts requires a great scientific attention. Therefore, this mini-review provides a glimpse into the conceptual development of neuroplasticity, discusses the possible role of different types of neuroblasts and signifies neuroregenerative failure as a potential cause of dementia.
文摘Abstract The expression of early developmental markers such as doublecortin （DCX） and the polysialylated-neural cell adhesion molecule （PSA-NCAMIp has been used to identify immature neurons within canonical neurogenic niches. Additionally, DCX/PSA-NCAM ＋ immature neurons reside in cortical layer II of the paleocortex and in the paleo- and entorhinal cortex of mice and rats, respectively. These cells are also found in the neocortex of guinea pigs, rabbits, some afrotherian mammals, cats, dogs, non-human primates, and humans. The population of cortical DCX/PSA-NCAM ＋ immature neurons is generated prenatally as conclusively demonstrated in mice, rats, and guinea pigs. Thus, the majority of these cells do not appear to be the product of adult proliferative events. The immature neurons in cortical layer II are most abundant in the corlLices of young individuals, while very few DCX/PSA-NCAM ＋ cortical neurons can be detected in aged mammals. Maturation of DCX/PSA-NCAM ＋ cells into glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons has been proposed as an explanation for the age-dependent reduction in their population over time. In this review, we compile the recent information regarding the age-related decrease in the number of cortical DCX/PSA-NCAM ＋ neurons. We compare the distribution and fates of DCX/PSA-NCAM ＋ neurons among mammalian species and speculate their impact on cognitive function. To respond to the diversity of adult neurogenesis research produced over the last number of decades, we close this review by discussing the use and precision of the term ＂adult non-canonical neurogenesis.＂
基金the Flight Attendant Medical Research Institute (FAMRI)
文摘AIM To systematically review reports on deceased-donor-lobar lung transplantation(dd LLTx) and uniformly describe sizematching using the donor-to-recipient predicted-total lung-capacity(pT LC) ratio. METHODS We set out to systematically review reports on ddL LTx and uniformly describe size matching using the donorto-recipient pT LC ratio and to summarize reported oneyear survival data of ddL LTx and conventional-LTx. We searched in Pub Med, CINAHL via EBSCO, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews via Wiley(CDSR),Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects via Wiley(DARE), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials via Wiley(CENTRAL), Scopus(which includes EMBASE abstracts), and Web of Science for original reports on ddL LTx. RESULTS Nine observational cohort studies reporting on 301 ddL LTx met our inclusion criteria for systematic review of size matching, and eight for describing one-year-survival. The dd LLTx-group was often characterized by high acuity;however there was heterogeneity in transplant indications and pre-operative characteristics between studies. Data to calculate the pT LC ratio was available for 242 ddL LTx(80%). The mean pT LCratio before lobar resection was1.25 ± 0.3 and the transplanted pT LCratio after lobar resection was 0.76 ± 0.2. One-year survival in the ddL LTxgroup ranged from 50%-100%, compared to 72%-88%in the conventional-LTx group. In the largest study ddL LTx(n = 138) was associated with a lower one-year-survival compared to conventional-LTx(n = 539)(65.1% vs84.1%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Further investigations of optimal donor-to-recipient size matching parameters for ddL LTx could improve outcomes of this important surgical option.
文摘In small cell lung cancer cells, various autocrine stimuli lead to the parallel activation of Gq/11 and G12/13 proteins. The contribution of the Gq/11-PLC-β cascade to the mitogenic effects in SCLC cells is well established, but the relevance of G12/13 signaling is less explored. While in prostate and breast cancer, G12/13 activation has been shown previously to promote invasiveness without being involved in cellular proliferation, previous data from our group indicate anti-proliferative effects of G12/13 knockdown in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. To further investigate the role of G12/13-dependent signaling in lung tumor cells, we employed shRNA-mediated targeting of Gα12, Gα13, or both, in SCLC and NSCLC cell lines. Lentiviral expression of shRNAs resulted in specific Gα12 and Gα13 knockdown. Of note, upon single knockdown of one family member, no counter-upregulation of the other one was observed. Interestingly, inhibition of proliferation was cell line dependent. In cell lines where knock-down led to antiproliferation, single knockdown of either Gα12 or Gα13 was sufficient to impair proliferation and double knockdown of Gα12 and Gα13 tended not to further increase anti-proliferative effects. Likewise, when single knockdown was insufficient for an inhibition of proliferation, no effects were observed in double knockdowns. Taken together, these findings indicate that both Gα12 and Gα13 affect cellular proliferation individually and interference with one family member is sufficient for anti-tumor effects.
