New data from FRB’s have provided an exciting new window on the cosmos. For the first time we have both Dispersion Measure (DM) from distant sources and their red-shift. This gives us the opportunity to determine the...New data from FRB’s have provided an exciting new window on the cosmos. For the first time we have both Dispersion Measure (DM) from distant sources and their red-shift. This gives us the opportunity to determine the average electron number density in intergalactic space and thus test New Tired Light predictions. Here, in an alternative cosmology, the universe is static and redshifts are produced by an interaction between photons and the electrons in the intergalactic medium. In a paper published in summer 2006 New Tired Light (NTL) predicted an average electron number density of n = 0.5 m<sup>-3</sup>. In 2016 a paper was published reporting that for the first time the DM of a FRB and the redshift of the host galaxy had been found. Using standard physics this confirmed the electron number density as n = 0.5 m<sup>-3</sup>. The prediction NTL made ten years earlier was proved to be correct. Using this measured electron number density enabled a definitive value of the Hubble constant to be made by New Tired Light and the value is 63 km/s per Mpc which compares well with currently accepted values. Importantly, since in NTL the redshift and dispersion are both due to the electrons in IG space, a relationship between DM’s and redshift can be predicted. NTL predicts that DM and LN(1 + z) will be directly proportional and related by the formula DM = mec/2hr<sub>e</sub>(3.086 × 1022) where me, re are the rest mass and classical radius of the electron, c is the speed of light in a vacuum and h is the plank constant. The numerical term is to change units from pccm<sup>-3</sup> to m<sup>-2</sup>. This reduces to DM = 2380LN(1 + z). Using data from five FRB’s this is tested and a linear relation is seen of the form DM = 1830LN(1 + z). The gradient of the plot from the observed data is within 23% of that predicted by NTL. Recently the Tolman Surface Brightness test has been applied to the HUDF and the results support a static universe whilst the possibility of two differing types of SN Ia whose distribution changes wi展开更多
This paper presents an alternate graphical procedure (Method 2), to that presented in earlier publications entitled, “A Procedure for Trisecting an Acute Angle” and “A Key to Solving the Angle Trisection Problem”....This paper presents an alternate graphical procedure (Method 2), to that presented in earlier publications entitled, “A Procedure for Trisecting an Acute Angle” and “A Key to Solving the Angle Trisection Problem”. The procedure, when applied to the 30˚ and 60˚ angles that have been “proven” to be nottrisectable and the 45˚ benchmark angle that is known to be trisectable, in each case produced a construction having an identical angular relationship with Archimedes’ Construction, as in Section 2 on THEORY of this paper, where the required trisection angle was found to be one-third of its respective angle (i.e. DE’MA = 1/3 DE’CG). For example, the trisection angle for the 30˚, 45˚ and 60˚ angles were 10.00000˚, 15.00000˚, and 20.00000˚, respectively, and Section 5 on PROOF in this paper. Therefore, based on this identical angular relationship and the numerical results (i.e. to five decimal places), which represent the highest degree of accuracy and precision attainable by The Geometer’s Sketch Pad software, one can only conclude that not only the geometric requirements for arriving at an exact trisection of the 30˚ and 60˚ angle (which have been “proven” to be not-trisectable) have been met, but also, the construction is valid for any arbitrary acute angle, despite theoretical proofs to the contrary by Wantzel, Dudley, and others.展开更多
Fast Radio Bursts from far away galaxies have travelled through the IGM and provide a tool to study its composition. Presently there are 23 FRB’s whose host galaxies have been identified and the redshift found. This ...Fast Radio Bursts from far away galaxies have travelled through the IGM and provide a tool to study its composition. Presently there are 23 FRB’s whose host galaxies have been identified and the redshift found. This gives us the opportunity to test Dispersion Measure versus redshift predictions made by two models. The Macquart relation for an expanding Universe and the New Tired Light relationship in a static universe. In New Tired Light, redshifts are produced when a photon is absorbed and re-emitted by the electrons in the IGM which recoil on both occasions. Some of the energy of the photon has been transferred to the kinetic energy of the recoiling electron. The photon has less energy, a lower frequency and a longer wavelength. It has been redshifted. Since dispersion is due to an interaction between radio signals and these same electrons one would expect a direct relationship between DM and redshift in the New Tired light model. The relation is DM=(mec/2hre)ln(1+z)and contains no adjustable parameters—just a combination of universal constants related to the electron and photon. Notice that the relation is independent of the electron number density ne since a change in ne affects both the DM and redshift equally. A graph of DM versus ln(1 + z) will be a straight line of gradient (mec/2hre)and, using SI units, substituting for the constants gives 7.318 × 1025 m−2. Using the data from the 23 well localized FRB’s, with the weighting of the DM’s for expansion removed (so that the data corresponds to a static universe), a graph of DM versus ln(1 + z) has a gradient of 6.7 × 1025 m−2—9% below the predicted (mec/2hre). The Macquart relation involves highly processed data and adjustable parameters to allow for “dark energy” and “dark matter” (neither of which has yet been found) and can be reduced to DM = 850z (in units of pc∙cm−3). Using the data from this set of localized FRB’s gives a trendline with gradient 1.10 × 103 pc∙cm−3—almost 30% higher than that predicted in an expandin展开更多
Agricultural irrigation is a primary user for freshwater withdrawal. Irrigation plays an important role in crop production, as it provides the benefit of reducing the effects of prolonged dryness and erratic precipita...Agricultural irrigation is a primary user for freshwater withdrawal. Irrigation plays an important role in crop production, as it provides the benefit of reducing the effects of prolonged dryness and erratic precipitation. Center pivot irrigation system is the most common irrigation system in agriculture. As the center pivot irrigation system ages, the system could develop a leaking joint, clogged sprinklers, and physical damage. This can cause areas of non-uniformity that can lead to under- or over-irrigated in some areas of the land, resulting in excess energy use and cost, wasting resources, and environmental impacts. Thus, it is important to evaluate the performance of a center pivot irrigation system regularly to maximize return on investments and minimize wasting resources. This study focuses on evaluating the impacts and benefits of improved center pivot irrigation distribution uniformity by performing distribution uniformity evaluations pre- and post-retrofit. This study also focused on demonstrating an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to assess the performance of the center pivot irrigation system in two irrigated farmlands. The Coefficient of Uniformity (CU), Distribution Uniformity (DU), and Scheduling Coefficient (SC) were calculated based on the catch can test data. The values were utilized to evaluate water and energy savings from the improved coefficients. The team has found that replacing sprinkler packages increased the CU from 78 to 89 and the DU from 77 to 82, and reduced the SC from 1.3 to 1.2 in Field A. In Field B, replacing sprinkler packages increased the CU from 73 to 91 and the DU from 62 to 84 and reduced the SC from 1.6 to 1.2. The estimated water savings in Field A due to the reduced scheduling coefficient was approximately 151,000 liters/hectare/year, with consideration of the corn and soybean rotation field in Michigan. The estimated water savings in Field B was 608,000 liters/hectare/year. The data from this demonstration study showed the value of distribution uniformity evaluation an展开更多
This paper describes the methodology (or approach) that was key to the solution of the angle trisection problem published earlier in article entitled, “A Procedure For Trisecting An Acute Angle.” It was an approach ...This paper describes the methodology (or approach) that was key to the solution of the angle trisection problem published earlier in article entitled, “A Procedure For Trisecting An Acute Angle.” It was an approach that required first, designing a working model of a trisector mechanism, second, studying the motion of key elements of the mechanism and third, applying the fundamental principles of kinematics to arrive at the desired results. In presenting these results, since there was no requirement to provide a detailed analysis of the final construction, this information was not included. However, now that the publication is out, it is considered appropriate as well as instructive to explain more fully the mechanism analysis of the trisector in graphical detail, as covered in Section 3 of this paper, that formed the basis of the long sought solution to the age-old Angle Trisection Problem.展开更多
This paper presents a graphical procedure for the squaring of a circle of any radius. This procedure, which is based on a novel application of the involute profile, when applied to a circle of arbitrary radius (using ...This paper presents a graphical procedure for the squaring of a circle of any radius. This procedure, which is based on a novel application of the involute profile, when applied to a circle of arbitrary radius (using only an unmarked ruler and a compass), produced a square equal in area to the given circle, which is 50 cm<sup>2</sup>. This result was a clear demonstration that not only is the construction valid for the squaring of a circle of any radius, but it is also capable of achieving absolute results (independent of the number pi (π), in a finite number of steps), when carried out with precision.展开更多
This paper presents a simplified graphical procedure for constructing, using an unmarked straightedge and a compass only, a 10˚ to 20˚ angle, which is in other words, trisecting a 30˚ or 60˚ angle. The procedure, when...This paper presents a simplified graphical procedure for constructing, using an unmarked straightedge and a compass only, a 10˚ to 20˚ angle, which is in other words, trisecting a 30˚ or 60˚ angle. The procedure, when applied to the 30˚ and 60˚ angles that have been “proven” to be not trisectable, produced a construction having the identical angular relationship with Archimedes’ Construction, in which the required trisection angles were found to be 10.00000˚ and 20.00000˚ respectively (i.e. exactly one-third of the given angle or ∠E’MA = 1/3∠E’CG). Based on this identical angular relationship as well as the numerical results obtained, one can only conclude that the geometric requirements for arriving at an exact trisection of the 30˚ or 60˚ angle, and therefore the construction of a 10˚ or 20˚ angle, have been met, notwithstanding the theoretical proofs of Wantzel, Dudley, and others. Thus, the solution to the age-old trisection problem, with respect to these two angles, has been accomplished.展开更多
This paper presents a graphical procedure, using an unmarked straightedge and compass only, for trisecting an arbitrary acute angle. The procedure, when applied to the 30˚angle that has been “proven” to be ...This paper presents a graphical procedure, using an unmarked straightedge and compass only, for trisecting an arbitrary acute angle. The procedure, when applied to the 30˚angle that has been “proven” to be not trisectable, produced a construction having the identical angular relationship with Archimedes’ Construction, in which the required trisection angle was found to be exactly one-third of the given angle (or ∠E'MA = 1/3∠E'CG = 10˚), as shown in Figure 1(D) and Figure 1(E) and Section 4 PROOF in this paper. Hence, based on this identical angular relationship between the construction presented and Archimedes’ Construction, one can only conclude that geometric requirements for arriving at an exact trisection have been met, notwithstanding the theoretical proofs of Wantzel, Dudley, and others.展开更多
Backgrounds ST-elevation myocardial infarction （STEMI） guidelines recommend reperfusion by primary percutaneous coronary in- tervention （PCI） ≤ 90 min from time of first medical contact （FMC）. This strategy is ...Backgrounds ST-elevation myocardial infarction （STEMI） guidelines recommend reperfusion by primary percutaneous coronary in- tervention （PCI） ≤ 90 min from time of first medical contact （FMC）. This strategy is challenging in rural areas lacking a nearby PCI-capable hospital. Recommended reperfusion times can be achieved for STEMI patients presenting in rural areas without a nearby PCI-capable hospital by ground transportation to a central PCI-capable hospital by use of protocol-driven emergency medical service （EMS） STEMI field triage protocol. Methods Sixty STEMI patients directly transported by EMS from three rural counties （Nassau, Camden and Charlton Counties） within a 50-mile radius of University of Florida Health-Jacksonville （UFHJ） from 01/01/2009 to 12/31/2013 were identified from its PCI registry. The STEMI field triage protocol incorporated three elements： （1） a cooperative agreement between each of the rural emergency medical service （EMS） agency and UFHJ; （2） performance of a pre-hospital ECG to facilitate STEMI identification and laboratory activation; and （3） direct transfer by ground transportation to the UFHJ cardiac catheterization laboratory. FMC-to-device （FMC2D）, door-to-device （D2D）, and transit times, the day of week, time of day, and EMS shift times were recorded, and odds ratio （OR） of achieving FMC2D times was calculated. Results FMC2D times were shorter for in-state STEMIs （81 ± 17 vs. 87± 19 min）, but D2D times were similar （37 ± 18 vs. 39 ± 21 min）. FMC2D 〈 90 min were achieved in 82.7% in-state STEMIs compared to 52.2% for out-of-state STEMIs （OR = 4.4, 95% CI： 1.24-15.57; P = 0.018）. FMC2D times were homogenous after adjusting for weekday vs. weekend, EMS shift times. Nine patients did not meet FMC2D ≤ 90 min. Six were within 10 min of target; all patient achieved FMC2D 〈 120 min. Conclusions Guideline-compliant FMC2D ≤90 min is achievable for rural STEMI patients within a 50 mile radius of a PCI-capabl展开更多
Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) affects mostly medium-sized arteries and sometimes small ones as well. The primary methods used to make the diagnosis are through physical examinations, biopsies of organs that are affected,...Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) affects mostly medium-sized arteries and sometimes small ones as well. The primary methods used to make the diagnosis are through physical examinations, biopsies of organs that are affected, and/or angiographic studies. Immunosuppressants like glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide are usually started as soon as possible after a diagnosis. So, it’s not clear if sudden remission of PAN happens or not. Here we present a 42-year-old male who presented with right upper quadrant, right flank pain and fever. CT angiogram Aorta revealed soft tissue rind around the small to medium sized vessel in the abdomen and bilateral cortical renal infarcts of variable age in the right more than the left. A diagnosis of polyarteritis nodosa was made and the patient achieved spontaneous remission with no need for corticosteroids or immunosuppressive therapy.展开更多
This paper presents a Method for the squaring of a circle (i.e., constructing a square having an area equal to that of a given circle). The construction, when applied to a given circle having an area of 12.7 cm<sup...This paper presents a Method for the squaring of a circle (i.e., constructing a square having an area equal to that of a given circle). The construction, when applied to a given circle having an area of 12.7 cm<sup>2</sup>, it produced a square having an area of 12.7 cm<sup>2</sup>, using only an unmarked ruler and a compass. This result was a clear demonstration that not only is the construction valid for the squaring of a circle but also for achieving absolute results (independent of the number pi (π) and in a finite number of steps) when carried out with precision.展开更多
Therapeutic dentin regeneration remains difficult to achieve,and a majority of the attention has been given to anabolic strategies to promote dentinogenesis directly,whereas,the available literature is insufficient to...Therapeutic dentin regeneration remains difficult to achieve,and a majority of the attention has been given to anabolic strategies to promote dentinogenesis directly,whereas,the available literature is insufficient to understand the role of inflammation and inflammatory complement system on dentinogenesis.The aim of this study is to determine the role of complement C5a receptor(C5aR)in regulating dental pulp stem cells(DPSCs)differentiation and in vivo dentin regeneration.Human DPSCs were subjected to odontogenic differentiation in osteogenic media treated with the C5aR agonist and C5aR antagonist.In vivo dentin formation was evaluated using the dentin injury/pulp-capping model of the C5a-deficient and wildtype mice.In vitro results demonstrate that C5aR inhibition caused a substantial reduction in odontogenic DPSCs differentiation markers such as DMP-1 and DSPP,while the C5aR activation increased these key odontogenic genes compared to control.A reparative dentin formation using the C5a-deficient mice shows that dentin regeneration is significantly reduced in the C5a-deficient mice.These data suggest a positive role of C5aR in the odontogenic DPSCs differentiation and tertiary/reparative dentin formation.This study addresses a novel regulatory pathway and a therapeutic approach for improving the efficiency of dentin regeneration in affected teeth.展开更多
The Intergalactic Medium (IGM) is commonly thought to be occupied by approximately one atom of Hydrogen per cubic metre of space either as neutral Hydrogen or partially/fully ionised. This cannot be true as galaxies w...The Intergalactic Medium (IGM) is commonly thought to be occupied by approximately one atom of Hydrogen per cubic metre of space either as neutral Hydrogen or partially/fully ionised. This cannot be true as galaxies will “boil off” electrons from their outer surfaces by the photo-electric effect and so the IGM must be filled with electrons. UV and X-ray photons, as they leave the galaxy, can remove an electron from a Hydrogen atom at the surface of the galaxy, give it sufficient energy to escape the gravitational pull of the galaxy and go on to fill the IGM. A typical galaxy emits approximately 5×1047 X-ray photons each second. All of which pass through the outer surface of the galaxy and have sufficient energy to eject an electron and send it off to the IGM. Adding to these photons in the UV and gamma, we can see that galaxies are ejecting large amounts of electrons each second that go on to fill the IGM. Data from FRB 121102 give the value for the electron number density in the IGM as ne ≈ 0.5 m-3. Under certain conditions, an electron gas will crystallise into a Wigner-Seitz crystal. Here the electrical potential energy of repulsion between the electrons dominates their kinetic energy and the electrons form on a BCC lattice structure. The electrons oscillate, performing SHM about their lattice positions. With ne ≈ 0.5 m-3 the electrons in the IGM satisfy the energy criteria for crystallisation to occur when interacting with other electrons within a sphere far less in radius than the corresponding Debye sphere. Thus, the conditions are met for the electrons to form an “electron glass.” Since the electrons in their BCC formation are spatially coherent, light will travel through the crystals in a straight line and thus objections to “Tired Light” theories are now removed since images will neither be destroyed nor “blurred.” Charges are not created but separated, if the electrons are removed from the galaxy and sent to fill the IGM;the remaining protons are left behind. These are “thermal”展开更多
A new probabilistic seismic hazard analysis was performed for the city of Bridgetown, Barbados, West Indies. Hazard computations have been performed using the standard Cornell-McGuire approach based on the definition ...A new probabilistic seismic hazard analysis was performed for the city of Bridgetown, Barbados, West Indies. Hazard computations have been performed using the standard Cornell-McGuire approach based on the definition of appropriate seismogenic sources and expected maximum magnitudes, the authors take into consideration the possibility of large subduction interface earthquakes of magnitude 8.0-9.0 beneath the Barbados accretionary prism via application of a characteristic model and slip rates. The analysis has been conducted using a standard logic-tree approach. Uniform hazard spectra have been calculated for the 5% of critical damping and the horizontal component of ground motion for rock site conditions setting 5 return periods （95, 475, 975, 2,475 and 4,975 years） and spectral accelerations for 34 structural periods ranging from 0 to 3 s. The disaggregation results suggest that the magnitude-distance pair that dominates the hazard yields M 7.4 and 8.6 and a distance of 42.5 km in the Interface Subduction Zone beneath Barbados for the 475 and 975 years RP （return period）, respectively. An event with an M 8.0 at a distance of 107.5 km in the Intraplate Subduction Zone is the second scenario that dominates the hazard for both 475 and 975 years RP.展开更多
文摘New data from FRB’s have provided an exciting new window on the cosmos. For the first time we have both Dispersion Measure (DM) from distant sources and their red-shift. This gives us the opportunity to determine the average electron number density in intergalactic space and thus test New Tired Light predictions. Here, in an alternative cosmology, the universe is static and redshifts are produced by an interaction between photons and the electrons in the intergalactic medium. In a paper published in summer 2006 New Tired Light (NTL) predicted an average electron number density of n = 0.5 m<sup>-3</sup>. In 2016 a paper was published reporting that for the first time the DM of a FRB and the redshift of the host galaxy had been found. Using standard physics this confirmed the electron number density as n = 0.5 m<sup>-3</sup>. The prediction NTL made ten years earlier was proved to be correct. Using this measured electron number density enabled a definitive value of the Hubble constant to be made by New Tired Light and the value is 63 km/s per Mpc which compares well with currently accepted values. Importantly, since in NTL the redshift and dispersion are both due to the electrons in IG space, a relationship between DM’s and redshift can be predicted. NTL predicts that DM and LN(1 + z) will be directly proportional and related by the formula DM = mec/2hr<sub>e</sub>(3.086 × 1022) where me, re are the rest mass and classical radius of the electron, c is the speed of light in a vacuum and h is the plank constant. The numerical term is to change units from pccm<sup>-3</sup> to m<sup>-2</sup>. This reduces to DM = 2380LN(1 + z). Using data from five FRB’s this is tested and a linear relation is seen of the form DM = 1830LN(1 + z). The gradient of the plot from the observed data is within 23% of that predicted by NTL. Recently the Tolman Surface Brightness test has been applied to the HUDF and the results support a static universe whilst the possibility of two differing types of SN Ia whose distribution changes wi
文摘This paper presents an alternate graphical procedure (Method 2), to that presented in earlier publications entitled, “A Procedure for Trisecting an Acute Angle” and “A Key to Solving the Angle Trisection Problem”. The procedure, when applied to the 30˚ and 60˚ angles that have been “proven” to be nottrisectable and the 45˚ benchmark angle that is known to be trisectable, in each case produced a construction having an identical angular relationship with Archimedes’ Construction, as in Section 2 on THEORY of this paper, where the required trisection angle was found to be one-third of its respective angle (i.e. DE’MA = 1/3 DE’CG). For example, the trisection angle for the 30˚, 45˚ and 60˚ angles were 10.00000˚, 15.00000˚, and 20.00000˚, respectively, and Section 5 on PROOF in this paper. Therefore, based on this identical angular relationship and the numerical results (i.e. to five decimal places), which represent the highest degree of accuracy and precision attainable by The Geometer’s Sketch Pad software, one can only conclude that not only the geometric requirements for arriving at an exact trisection of the 30˚ and 60˚ angle (which have been “proven” to be not-trisectable) have been met, but also, the construction is valid for any arbitrary acute angle, despite theoretical proofs to the contrary by Wantzel, Dudley, and others.
文摘Fast Radio Bursts from far away galaxies have travelled through the IGM and provide a tool to study its composition. Presently there are 23 FRB’s whose host galaxies have been identified and the redshift found. This gives us the opportunity to test Dispersion Measure versus redshift predictions made by two models. The Macquart relation for an expanding Universe and the New Tired Light relationship in a static universe. In New Tired Light, redshifts are produced when a photon is absorbed and re-emitted by the electrons in the IGM which recoil on both occasions. Some of the energy of the photon has been transferred to the kinetic energy of the recoiling electron. The photon has less energy, a lower frequency and a longer wavelength. It has been redshifted. Since dispersion is due to an interaction between radio signals and these same electrons one would expect a direct relationship between DM and redshift in the New Tired light model. The relation is DM=(mec/2hre)ln(1+z)and contains no adjustable parameters—just a combination of universal constants related to the electron and photon. Notice that the relation is independent of the electron number density ne since a change in ne affects both the DM and redshift equally. A graph of DM versus ln(1 + z) will be a straight line of gradient (mec/2hre)and, using SI units, substituting for the constants gives 7.318 × 1025 m−2. Using the data from the 23 well localized FRB’s, with the weighting of the DM’s for expansion removed (so that the data corresponds to a static universe), a graph of DM versus ln(1 + z) has a gradient of 6.7 × 1025 m−2—9% below the predicted (mec/2hre). The Macquart relation involves highly processed data and adjustable parameters to allow for “dark energy” and “dark matter” (neither of which has yet been found) and can be reduced to DM = 850z (in units of pc∙cm−3). Using the data from this set of localized FRB’s gives a trendline with gradient 1.10 × 103 pc∙cm−3—almost 30% higher than that predicted in an expandin
文摘Agricultural irrigation is a primary user for freshwater withdrawal. Irrigation plays an important role in crop production, as it provides the benefit of reducing the effects of prolonged dryness and erratic precipitation. Center pivot irrigation system is the most common irrigation system in agriculture. As the center pivot irrigation system ages, the system could develop a leaking joint, clogged sprinklers, and physical damage. This can cause areas of non-uniformity that can lead to under- or over-irrigated in some areas of the land, resulting in excess energy use and cost, wasting resources, and environmental impacts. Thus, it is important to evaluate the performance of a center pivot irrigation system regularly to maximize return on investments and minimize wasting resources. This study focuses on evaluating the impacts and benefits of improved center pivot irrigation distribution uniformity by performing distribution uniformity evaluations pre- and post-retrofit. This study also focused on demonstrating an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to assess the performance of the center pivot irrigation system in two irrigated farmlands. The Coefficient of Uniformity (CU), Distribution Uniformity (DU), and Scheduling Coefficient (SC) were calculated based on the catch can test data. The values were utilized to evaluate water and energy savings from the improved coefficients. The team has found that replacing sprinkler packages increased the CU from 78 to 89 and the DU from 77 to 82, and reduced the SC from 1.3 to 1.2 in Field A. In Field B, replacing sprinkler packages increased the CU from 73 to 91 and the DU from 62 to 84 and reduced the SC from 1.6 to 1.2. The estimated water savings in Field A due to the reduced scheduling coefficient was approximately 151,000 liters/hectare/year, with consideration of the corn and soybean rotation field in Michigan. The estimated water savings in Field B was 608,000 liters/hectare/year. The data from this demonstration study showed the value of distribution uniformity evaluation an
文摘This paper describes the methodology (or approach) that was key to the solution of the angle trisection problem published earlier in article entitled, “A Procedure For Trisecting An Acute Angle.” It was an approach that required first, designing a working model of a trisector mechanism, second, studying the motion of key elements of the mechanism and third, applying the fundamental principles of kinematics to arrive at the desired results. In presenting these results, since there was no requirement to provide a detailed analysis of the final construction, this information was not included. However, now that the publication is out, it is considered appropriate as well as instructive to explain more fully the mechanism analysis of the trisector in graphical detail, as covered in Section 3 of this paper, that formed the basis of the long sought solution to the age-old Angle Trisection Problem.
文摘This paper presents a graphical procedure for the squaring of a circle of any radius. This procedure, which is based on a novel application of the involute profile, when applied to a circle of arbitrary radius (using only an unmarked ruler and a compass), produced a square equal in area to the given circle, which is 50 cm<sup>2</sup>. This result was a clear demonstration that not only is the construction valid for the squaring of a circle of any radius, but it is also capable of achieving absolute results (independent of the number pi (π), in a finite number of steps), when carried out with precision.
文摘This paper presents a simplified graphical procedure for constructing, using an unmarked straightedge and a compass only, a 10˚ to 20˚ angle, which is in other words, trisecting a 30˚ or 60˚ angle. The procedure, when applied to the 30˚ and 60˚ angles that have been “proven” to be not trisectable, produced a construction having the identical angular relationship with Archimedes’ Construction, in which the required trisection angles were found to be 10.00000˚ and 20.00000˚ respectively (i.e. exactly one-third of the given angle or ∠E’MA = 1/3∠E’CG). Based on this identical angular relationship as well as the numerical results obtained, one can only conclude that the geometric requirements for arriving at an exact trisection of the 30˚ or 60˚ angle, and therefore the construction of a 10˚ or 20˚ angle, have been met, notwithstanding the theoretical proofs of Wantzel, Dudley, and others. Thus, the solution to the age-old trisection problem, with respect to these two angles, has been accomplished.
文摘This paper presents a graphical procedure, using an unmarked straightedge and compass only, for trisecting an arbitrary acute angle. The procedure, when applied to the 30˚angle that has been “proven” to be not trisectable, produced a construction having the identical angular relationship with Archimedes’ Construction, in which the required trisection angle was found to be exactly one-third of the given angle (or ∠E'MA = 1/3∠E'CG = 10˚), as shown in Figure 1(D) and Figure 1(E) and Section 4 PROOF in this paper. Hence, based on this identical angular relationship between the construction presented and Archimedes’ Construction, one can only conclude that geometric requirements for arriving at an exact trisection have been met, notwithstanding the theoretical proofs of Wantzel, Dudley, and others.
文摘Backgrounds ST-elevation myocardial infarction （STEMI） guidelines recommend reperfusion by primary percutaneous coronary in- tervention （PCI） ≤ 90 min from time of first medical contact （FMC）. This strategy is challenging in rural areas lacking a nearby PCI-capable hospital. Recommended reperfusion times can be achieved for STEMI patients presenting in rural areas without a nearby PCI-capable hospital by ground transportation to a central PCI-capable hospital by use of protocol-driven emergency medical service （EMS） STEMI field triage protocol. Methods Sixty STEMI patients directly transported by EMS from three rural counties （Nassau, Camden and Charlton Counties） within a 50-mile radius of University of Florida Health-Jacksonville （UFHJ） from 01/01/2009 to 12/31/2013 were identified from its PCI registry. The STEMI field triage protocol incorporated three elements： （1） a cooperative agreement between each of the rural emergency medical service （EMS） agency and UFHJ; （2） performance of a pre-hospital ECG to facilitate STEMI identification and laboratory activation; and （3） direct transfer by ground transportation to the UFHJ cardiac catheterization laboratory. FMC-to-device （FMC2D）, door-to-device （D2D）, and transit times, the day of week, time of day, and EMS shift times were recorded, and odds ratio （OR） of achieving FMC2D times was calculated. Results FMC2D times were shorter for in-state STEMIs （81 ± 17 vs. 87± 19 min）, but D2D times were similar （37 ± 18 vs. 39 ± 21 min）. FMC2D 〈 90 min were achieved in 82.7% in-state STEMIs compared to 52.2% for out-of-state STEMIs （OR = 4.4, 95% CI： 1.24-15.57; P = 0.018）. FMC2D times were homogenous after adjusting for weekday vs. weekend, EMS shift times. Nine patients did not meet FMC2D ≤ 90 min. Six were within 10 min of target; all patient achieved FMC2D 〈 120 min. Conclusions Guideline-compliant FMC2D ≤90 min is achievable for rural STEMI patients within a 50 mile radius of a PCI-capabl
文摘Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) affects mostly medium-sized arteries and sometimes small ones as well. The primary methods used to make the diagnosis are through physical examinations, biopsies of organs that are affected, and/or angiographic studies. Immunosuppressants like glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide are usually started as soon as possible after a diagnosis. So, it’s not clear if sudden remission of PAN happens or not. Here we present a 42-year-old male who presented with right upper quadrant, right flank pain and fever. CT angiogram Aorta revealed soft tissue rind around the small to medium sized vessel in the abdomen and bilateral cortical renal infarcts of variable age in the right more than the left. A diagnosis of polyarteritis nodosa was made and the patient achieved spontaneous remission with no need for corticosteroids or immunosuppressive therapy.
文摘This paper presents a Method for the squaring of a circle (i.e., constructing a square having an area equal to that of a given circle). The construction, when applied to a given circle having an area of 12.7 cm<sup>2</sup>, it produced a square having an area of 12.7 cm<sup>2</sup>, using only an unmarked ruler and a compass. This result was a clear demonstration that not only is the construction valid for the squaring of a circle but also for achieving absolute results (independent of the number pi (π) and in a finite number of steps) when carried out with precision.
基金supported by the NIH/NIDCR grants: R03 DE028637 – SC, R56 DE029816 – SC
文摘Therapeutic dentin regeneration remains difficult to achieve,and a majority of the attention has been given to anabolic strategies to promote dentinogenesis directly,whereas,the available literature is insufficient to understand the role of inflammation and inflammatory complement system on dentinogenesis.The aim of this study is to determine the role of complement C5a receptor(C5aR)in regulating dental pulp stem cells(DPSCs)differentiation and in vivo dentin regeneration.Human DPSCs were subjected to odontogenic differentiation in osteogenic media treated with the C5aR agonist and C5aR antagonist.In vivo dentin formation was evaluated using the dentin injury/pulp-capping model of the C5a-deficient and wildtype mice.In vitro results demonstrate that C5aR inhibition caused a substantial reduction in odontogenic DPSCs differentiation markers such as DMP-1 and DSPP,while the C5aR activation increased these key odontogenic genes compared to control.A reparative dentin formation using the C5a-deficient mice shows that dentin regeneration is significantly reduced in the C5a-deficient mice.These data suggest a positive role of C5aR in the odontogenic DPSCs differentiation and tertiary/reparative dentin formation.This study addresses a novel regulatory pathway and a therapeutic approach for improving the efficiency of dentin regeneration in affected teeth.
文摘The Intergalactic Medium (IGM) is commonly thought to be occupied by approximately one atom of Hydrogen per cubic metre of space either as neutral Hydrogen or partially/fully ionised. This cannot be true as galaxies will “boil off” electrons from their outer surfaces by the photo-electric effect and so the IGM must be filled with electrons. UV and X-ray photons, as they leave the galaxy, can remove an electron from a Hydrogen atom at the surface of the galaxy, give it sufficient energy to escape the gravitational pull of the galaxy and go on to fill the IGM. A typical galaxy emits approximately 5×1047 X-ray photons each second. All of which pass through the outer surface of the galaxy and have sufficient energy to eject an electron and send it off to the IGM. Adding to these photons in the UV and gamma, we can see that galaxies are ejecting large amounts of electrons each second that go on to fill the IGM. Data from FRB 121102 give the value for the electron number density in the IGM as ne ≈ 0.5 m-3. Under certain conditions, an electron gas will crystallise into a Wigner-Seitz crystal. Here the electrical potential energy of repulsion between the electrons dominates their kinetic energy and the electrons form on a BCC lattice structure. The electrons oscillate, performing SHM about their lattice positions. With ne ≈ 0.5 m-3 the electrons in the IGM satisfy the energy criteria for crystallisation to occur when interacting with other electrons within a sphere far less in radius than the corresponding Debye sphere. Thus, the conditions are met for the electrons to form an “electron glass.” Since the electrons in their BCC formation are spatially coherent, light will travel through the crystals in a straight line and thus objections to “Tired Light” theories are now removed since images will neither be destroyed nor “blurred.” Charges are not created but separated, if the electrons are removed from the galaxy and sent to fill the IGM;the remaining protons are left behind. These are “thermal”
文摘A new probabilistic seismic hazard analysis was performed for the city of Bridgetown, Barbados, West Indies. Hazard computations have been performed using the standard Cornell-McGuire approach based on the definition of appropriate seismogenic sources and expected maximum magnitudes, the authors take into consideration the possibility of large subduction interface earthquakes of magnitude 8.0-9.0 beneath the Barbados accretionary prism via application of a characteristic model and slip rates. The analysis has been conducted using a standard logic-tree approach. Uniform hazard spectra have been calculated for the 5% of critical damping and the horizontal component of ground motion for rock site conditions setting 5 return periods （95, 475, 975, 2,475 and 4,975 years） and spectral accelerations for 34 structural periods ranging from 0 to 3 s. The disaggregation results suggest that the magnitude-distance pair that dominates the hazard yields M 7.4 and 8.6 and a distance of 42.5 km in the Interface Subduction Zone beneath Barbados for the 475 and 975 years RP （return period）, respectively. An event with an M 8.0 at a distance of 107.5 km in the Intraplate Subduction Zone is the second scenario that dominates the hazard for both 475 and 975 years RP.
