This paper describes the usefulness of renewable energy throughout the world to generate power. Renewable energy adds a remarkable scope in power system. Renewable energy sources act as the prime mover of a microgrid....This paper describes the usefulness of renewable energy throughout the world to generate power. Renewable energy adds a remarkable scope in power system. Renewable energy sources act as the prime mover of a microgrid. The Microgrid is a small network of power system with distributed generation (DG) units connected in parallel. The integration challenges of renewable energy sources and the control of microgrid are described in this paper. The varied nature of DG system produces voltage and frequency deviation. The unknown nature of the load produces un-modeled dynamics. This un-modeled dynamic introduces measurable effects on the performance of the microgrid. This paper investigates the performance of the microgrid against different scenarios. The voltage of the microgrid is controlled by using different controllers and their results are also investigated. The performance of controllers is investigated using MATLAB/Simulink SimPowerSystems.展开更多
This paper presents a comprehensive survey of fault diagnosis and fault tolerant approaches for permanent magnet synchronous machines(PMSM).PMSMs are prominent in the pervading usage of electric motors,for their high ...This paper presents a comprehensive survey of fault diagnosis and fault tolerant approaches for permanent magnet synchronous machines(PMSM).PMSMs are prominent in the pervading usage of electric motors,for their high efficiency,great robustness,reliability and low torque inertia.In spite of their extensive appliance,they can be quite non-resilient and inadequate in operation when faults appear in motor drive apparatus such as inverters,stator windings,sensors,etc.These may lead to insulation failure,torque fluctuations,overcurrent or even system collapse.On that account,fault diagnosis and fault tolerant methods are equipped to enhance the stability and robustness in PMSMs.Progressive methodologies of PMSM fault diagnosis and tolerance are classified,discussed,reviewed and compared in this paper,beginning with mat hematical modeling of PMSM and then scrutinizing various fault conditions in PMSMs.Finally,the scope of research on the topic is highlighted.The contribution of this review is to emphasize optimistic schemes and to assist researchers with the latest trends in this field for future directions.展开更多
To identify and establish beneficiation techniques for banded hematite quartzite （BHQ） iron ore, a comprehensive research on BHQ ore treatment was carried out. The BHQ ore was assayed as 38.9wt% Fe, 42.5wt% SiO2, an...To identify and establish beneficiation techniques for banded hematite quartzite （BHQ） iron ore, a comprehensive research on BHQ ore treatment was carried out. The BHQ ore was assayed as 38.9wt% Fe, 42.5wt% SiO2, and 1.0wt% Al2O3. In this ore, hematite and quartz are present as the major mineral phases where goethite, martite, and magnetite are present in small amounts. The liberation of hematite particles can be enhanced to about 82% by reducing the particle size to below 63 μm. The rejection of silica particles can be obtained by magnetic and flotation separation techniques. Overall, the BHQ ore can be enriched to 65.3wt% Fe at 61.9% iron recovery. A flowsheet has been suggested for the commercial exploitation of the BHQ ore.展开更多
Meteorological changes urge engineering communities to look for sustainable and clean energy technologies to keep the environment safe by reducing CO_(2) emissions.The structure of these technologies relies on the dee...Meteorological changes urge engineering communities to look for sustainable and clean energy technologies to keep the environment safe by reducing CO_(2) emissions.The structure of these technologies relies on the deep inte-gration of advanced data-driven techniques which can ensure efficient energy generation,transmission,and distribu-tion.After conducting thorough research for more than a decade,the concept of the smart grid(SG)has emerged,and its practice around the world paves the ways for efficient use of reliable energy technology.However,many developing features evoke keen interest and their improvements can be regarded as the next-generation smart grid(NGSG).Also,to deal with the non-linearity and uncertainty,the emergence of data-driven NGSG technology can become a great initiative to reduce the diverse impact of non-linearity.This paper exhibits the conceptual framework of NGSG by enabling some intelligent technical features to ensure its reliable operation,including intelligent control,agent-based energy conversion,edge computing for energy management,internet of things(IoT)enabled inverter,agent-oriented demand side management,etc.Also,a study on the development of data-driven NGSG is discussed to facilitate the use of emerging data-driven techniques(DDTs)for the sustainable operation of the SG.The prospects of DDTs in the NGSG and their adaptation challenges in real-time are also explored in this paper from various points of view including engineering,technology,et al.Finally,the trends of DDTs towards securing sustainable and clean energy evolution from the NGSG technology in order to keep the environment safe is also studied,while some major future issues are highlighted.This paper can offer extended support for engineers and researchers in the context of data-driven technology and the SG.展开更多
The major hindrances in the energy system are ecological consciousness, lack of clean and sustainableenergy management, insufficient energy distribution–transmission–optimization, expensive power transfercosts, and ...The major hindrances in the energy system are ecological consciousness, lack of clean and sustainableenergy management, insufficient energy distribution–transmission–optimization, expensive power transfercosts, and increased customer knowledge of energy charges. Thus why, universal access to the grid with highcybersecurity, and reliability is needed to solve all these challenges. The digital twin concept turns a newdimension of technology into the world. Electric Digital Twin grid can perform online analysis of the grid inreal-time and integrates all the past and present data and express the current grid status to the producers andconsumers and also predicts the future grid status. Thus, the power grid transmission loss and location of theoverheated line and power connection missing can be detected in addition decision-making and self-healingcan possible. The future prediction saves the power grid from small to long accidents such as power outagesand even blackout problems. The whole consumers and nation feel relief from these types of accidents andsaves from large economic and business loss. The blockchain-enabled digital twin grid provides high securityfor the grid from cyberattacks. The paper conveys the framework of the electric digital twin grid and theconcept of the DT grid processing and the way of serving the producer, prosumers, consumers even the wholenation in infrastructure, education, research, economic, business, and political development.展开更多
Landslides are common natural hazards occurring in most parts of the world and have considerable adverse economic effects. Residual shear strength of clay is one of the most important factors in the determination of s...Landslides are common natural hazards occurring in most parts of the world and have considerable adverse economic effects. Residual shear strength of clay is one of the most important factors in the determination of stability of slopes or landslides. This effect is more pronounced in sensitive clays which show large changes in shear strength from peak to residual states. This study analyses the prediction of the residual strength of clay based on a new prediction model, functional networks（FN） using data available in the literature. The performance of FN was compared with support vector machine（SVM） and artificial neural network（ANN） based on statistical parameters like correlation coefficient（R）, Nash–Sutcliff coefficient of efficiency（E）, absolute average error（AAE）, maximum average error（MAE） and root mean square error（RMSE）. Based on R and E parameters, FN is found to be a better prediction tool than ANN for the given data. However, the R and E values for FN are less than SVM. A prediction equation is presented that can be used by practicing geotechnical engineers. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to ascertain the importance of various inputs in the prediction of the output.展开更多
Agricultural areas of land are deteriorating every day owing to population increase, rapid urbanization, and industrialization. To feed today’s huge populations, increased crop production is required from smaller are...Agricultural areas of land are deteriorating every day owing to population increase, rapid urbanization, and industrialization. To feed today’s huge populations, increased crop production is required from smaller areas, which warrants the continuous application of high doses of inorganic fertilizers to agricultural land. These cause damage to soil health and, therefore, nutrient imbalance conditions in arable soils. Under these conditions, the benefits of microbial inoculants (such as Actinobacteria) as replacements for harmful chemicals and promoting ecofriendly sustainable farming practices have been made clear through recent technological advances. There are multifunctional traits involved in the production of different types of bioactive compounds responsible for plant growth promotion, and the biocontrol of phytopathogens has reduced the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. There are some well-known groups of nitrogen-fixing Actinobacteria, such as Frankia, which undergo mutualism with plants and offer enhanced symbiotic trade-offs.In addition to nitrogen fixation, increasing availability of major plant nutrients in soil due to the solubilization of immobilized forms of phosphorus and potassium compounds, production of phytohormones, such as indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-pyruvic acid, gibberellins, and cytokinins, improving organic matter decomposition by releasing cellulases, xylanase, glucanases, lipases, and proteases, and suppression of soil-borne pathogens by the production of siderophores, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, and chitinase are important features of Actinobacteria useful for combating biotic and abiotic stresses in plants.The positive influence of Actinobacteria on soil fertility and plant health has motivated us to compile this review of important findings associated with sustaining plant productivity in the long run.展开更多
The quality of coke affects the performance of the blast furnace, factors affecting coke quality include coal properties, coal charge granulometry and carbonization conditions. The coke properties in elude the size an...The quality of coke affects the performance of the blast furnace, factors affecting coke quality include coal properties, coal charge granulometry and carbonization conditions. The coke properties in elude the size analysis, cold strength (Micum Indices-M4(). MI0) and hot strength (Coke Reactivity Index-CRI, Coke Strength after Reaction-CSR) properties and structural properties such as coke structure and texture. Structural properties comprise the porosity, pore-cell wall thickness and pore sizes, while textures consist of the carbon forms in the coke. In present work, advanced method such as image analysis method was used to interpret coke microstructure. Conventional methods such as determination of coke porosity by measurement of real and apparent density and mercury porosimetry have a number of limitations. Coke size, magnification, number of image frames captured, process of pellet preparations and coke properties such as M4(), M|0, CRI and CSR (low, medium and high values) were taken as variables for experimental purposes. The coke structure parameters such as porosity, length, perimeter, breadth, roundness, pore-wall thickness and pore size distribution of the pores were determined by image analysis method. This method provided average porosity in addition to pore-wall thickness and pore-size distribution. The pore wall thickness measuremenl by image analysis method provided significant correlations with M40, CRI and CSR values. This explained the usability of image analysis for coke structure measurement.展开更多
AIM： To evaluate the efficacy of selective laser trabeculoplasty（SLT） in glaucomatous eyes with previous incisional glaucoma surgery. METHODS： A retrospective cohort of eyes that underwent SLT at a single institut...AIM： To evaluate the efficacy of selective laser trabeculoplasty（SLT） in glaucomatous eyes with previous incisional glaucoma surgery. METHODS： A retrospective cohort of eyes that underwent SLT at a single institution from 2013-2015 were followed for 1 y. Reduction in intraocular pressure（IOP） following SLT was evaluated in eyes with prior trabeculectomy with Ex Press mini shunt（Alcon, Ft Worth, TX, USA）, Ahmed valve（New World Medical, Cucamonga, CA, USA）, or combined phacoemulsification-trabeculectomy. A control group was included with eyes without prior surgery that underwent SLT. Success was defined as 〉20% drop in IOP from pre-SLT baseline. RESULTS： One-hundred and six eyes were included with 53 in both the prior glaucoma surgery（PGS） and no prior glaucoma surgery（NPGS） groups. Mean pre-SLT IOP was 19.2±4.3 and 20.6±6.0 mm Hg for PGS and NPGS groups, respectively（P=0.17）. Both groups produced statistically significant IOP reductions at 1 and 6 mo（P〈0.04）. At 6 mo, mean IOP reduction reached 7.3% and 10.8% for the PGS and NPGS groups, respectively（P=0.42）. Overall, 27.9% and 31.7% of eyes in PGS and NPGS groups met success criteria at 1 y（P=0.70）. In the PGS group, eyes with baseline IOP ≥21 mm Hg had IOP reductions of 18.1%（P〈0.001）, 16.7%（P〈0.01）, and 8.4%（P=0.31） compared to eyes with baseline IOP 〈21 mm Hg who had IOP reductions of 2.3%（P=0.39）, 3.4%（P=0.19）, and 1.1%（P=0.72） at 1, 6 mo, and 1 y, respectively. CONCLUSION： SLT is efficacious in eyes with prior incisional glaucoma surgery and results in similar IOP reductions compared to eyes without PGS. A larger IOP reduction is observed following SLT in eyes with higher pre-SLT IOP.展开更多
Litchi chinensis sonn.) ranks second after mango amongst the most important fruit crops cultivated worldwide. Litchi is a very valuable crop throughout the world because it is a table fruit and wines are also produced...Litchi chinensis sonn.) ranks second after mango amongst the most important fruit crops cultivated worldwide. Litchi is a very valuable crop throughout the world because it is a table fruit and wines are also produced from it. The existing cultivars are highly polyploidy and heterozygous in nature. It is propagated through air layering and marcottage methods and storability is very low. Synthetic seeds can be stored for a long time and its genetic constitution could remain the same. For germplasm maintenance and clonal propagation, synthetic seeds can be used. Somatic embryogenesis has been reported from anther or embryogenic suspension culture in various species of litchi. Regeneration via organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis from zygotic embryos has also been reported in certain species. Developing a methodology for getting somatic embryogenesis with a high frequency from zygotic embryos which is available once in a year, would be particularly useful for genetic improvement of litchi. Cotyledonary stage somatic embryos developed from zygotic embryos were encapsulated in 2% alginate gel. The encapsulated somatic embryos (ESEs) germinated successfully on 0.7% agar medium containing 3% sucrose concentration in NN basal medium (half strength of major and minor salts) with 1 mg·l<sup>-1</sup> of gibbrellic acid. Percentage germination and plantlet development for ESEs was higher than that of non encapsulated embryos (NSEs). In comparison to different hormones, gibberellic acid has a significant influence on the germination rate of ESEs after one week of dehydration was seen maximum at 9% sucrose and abscisic acid (1 mg·l-1</sup><sup></sup>) in half strength of major and minor salts in Nitsch and Nitsch medium resulting in extended storage up to 90 days without loss in germination potential and capability to regenerate into plantlets. Normally developed plantlets regenerated from ESEs were successfully adapted to soil to obtain a full grown plant.展开更多
In this paper,a delay-dependent robust stability criterion is proposed for linear systems with two delays.For delay-dependent stable systems,the delays are very small in nature.So,they may overlap each other.This over...In this paper,a delay-dependent robust stability criterion is proposed for linear systems with two delays.For delay-dependent stable systems,the delays are very small in nature.So,they may overlap each other.This overlapping information may be exploited to obtain a less conservative criterion.To extract such information,a special type of simple Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional is considered.To derive the criterion in form of Linear Matrix inequalities,a matrix variable approach is used.Some numerical examples are presented to validate the less conservativeness of the proposed criterion.展开更多
The quickening propensity of growth within the areas of information and communications technology and en-ergy networks has triggered the emergence of a central idea termed as Internet of Energy(IoE).Such a concept rel...The quickening propensity of growth within the areas of information and communications technology and en-ergy networks has triggered the emergence of a central idea termed as Internet of Energy(IoE).Such a concept relates the internet of things,which is the term used in describing the usage of sophisticated digital control devices with the capability of transmitting data via IT systems.The concept of an interconnected energy network is being formed in the upcoming days through upgrades in the field of intelligent energy systems to control real-time energy optimization and management.The energy industry has had a sustained expansion,reaching the IoE milestone and continuing to this cutting-edge power system,which is the next generation of IoE.A directional pathway from the traditional power system to the IoE has been conducted in this research work by addressing the importance of integrating the smart transmission and communication infrastructure,smart metering,pricing and energy management scheme.A detailed investigation of the IoE with respect to technical angles,such as communication architecture,IoE on the supply&demand side,and IoE protocol based on fundamental elements and essential technologies has been carried out to indicate the blueprint and jurisdiction complexity.The inte-gration,security and energy management challenges may deviate the performance of the IoE technology that has been focused with proper control issues and solutions.Finally,a directional framework to establish the next-generation IoE system has been constructed with future scopes to insure higher resiliency,cyber-security and stability.展开更多
We investigated decomposition and nutrient release patterns of leaf and sheath litter of two important highland bamboo species （viz. Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb. （Zucc.） and Arundinaria racemosa Munro） by using...We investigated decomposition and nutrient release patterns of leaf and sheath litter of two important highland bamboo species （viz. Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb. （Zucc.） and Arundinaria racemosa Munro） by using a litter bag technique. Our objective was to improve understanding of the addition of organic matter and nutrients to soil from the litter of two abundant highland bamboo species, species that support the local population of the region in many ways. N concentration and N/P ratio were significantly higher （p〈0.01） in leaf litter of P bambusoides. Significantly, larger values of lignin concentration, C/N ratio, and lignin/N ratio were found in the sheath litter ofA racemosa. Weight loss of both leaf and sheath litter was strongly positively correlated with N and N/P ratio, and significantly negatively correlated 6o〈0.01） with C/N ratio. Lignin/N had a negative correlation with decay rate. In both species, only lignin concentration of the litter showed strong positive correlation with N release. Litter decomposition and N release patterns were similar for the two bamboo species, whereas, P release rate from leaf litter was higher in P bambusoides and differed significantly between sheath and leaf litter for both species. The complex pattern of nutrient release through mineralization and immobilization during litter decomposition ensures nutrient availability in both managed and natural bamboo stands subjected to anthropogenic disturbances.展开更多
Induced systemic resistance(ISR)is a mechanism by which certain plant beneficial rhizobacteria and fungi produce immunity,which can stimulate crop growth and resilience against various phytopathogens,insects,and paras...Induced systemic resistance(ISR)is a mechanism by which certain plant beneficial rhizobacteria and fungi produce immunity,which can stimulate crop growth and resilience against various phytopathogens,insects,and parasites.These beneficial rhizobacteria and fungi improve plant performance by regulating hormone signaling,including salicylic acid(SA),jasmonic acid(JA),prosystemin,pathogenesis-related gene 1,and ethylene(ET)pathways,which activate the gene expression of ISR,the synthesis of secondary metabolites,various enzymes,and volatile compounds that ultimately induce defense mechanisms in plant.To protect themselves from disease,plants have various advanced defense mechanisms in which local acquired resistance,systemic gene silencing,systemic wound response,systemic acquired resistance(SAR),and ISR are involved.Several rhizobacteria activate the SA-dependent SAR pathway by producing SA at the root’s surface.In contrast,other rhizobacteria can activate different signaling pathways independent of SA(SA-independent ISR pathways)such as those dependent on JA and ET signaling.The main objective of this review is to provide insight into the types of induced resistance utilized for plant defense.Further to this,the genetic approaches used to suppress disease-causing genes,i.e.,RNA interference and antisense RNA,which are still underutilized in sustainable agriculture,along with the current vision for virus-induced gene silencing are also discussed.展开更多
Technological advancements in smart grid energy systems (SGESs) are introducing sustainable frameworksto meet the demand for the fourth industrial energy revolution. These frameworks are planned to be usedin the forth...Technological advancements in smart grid energy systems (SGESs) are introducing sustainable frameworksto meet the demand for the fourth industrial energy revolution. These frameworks are planned to be usedin the forthcoming future to maintain the energy network operation with optimization, energy trading, gridautomation, and so on. Blockchain (BCn), developing after passing a diverse period of the research journey,comes to the mind of researchers and its integration in SGES paves the way to reach the goal of energydemand. However, still of interest is ongoing in the improvement of BCn features which can be regarded asthe next-generation blockchain framework. This paper exhibits the technical framework of the next-generationBCn framework and explores its benefits and challenges in performing the emerging aspects of SGES. Thisframework enables some advanced features for the sustainable operation of SGES like smart metering, peer-topeer (P2P) energy trading, self-operation, and transparency. The technical explanation of this BCn technologyestablished on essential features and requisites is also presented in this paper from various points of viewwhich include smart mechanism, intelligent storage system, and interoperability. We also highlight the recentprogress and limitations of the current BCn framework in SGES. Finally, some challenges towards integratingthe next-generation BCn technology in SGES are reported. This work can provide extended support for thepractitioner and researcher in the context of BCn technology and SGES.展开更多
Producer gas through gasification of biomass can be used as an alternate fuel in rural areas due to high potential of biomass resources in India.Experiments were conducted to study the performance of a diesel engine(f...Producer gas through gasification of biomass can be used as an alternate fuel in rural areas due to high potential of biomass resources in India.Experiments were conducted to study the performance of a diesel engine(four stroke,single cylinder,5.25 kW) with respect to its thermal efficiency,specific fuel consumption and diesel substitution by use of diesel alone and producer gas-cum-diesel(dual fuel mode).Three types of biomass,i.e.wood chips,pigeon pea stalks and corn cobs were used for generation of producer gas.A producer gas system consisting of a downdraft gasifier,a cooling cum cleaning unit,a filtering unit and a gas air mixing device was designed,fabricated and used to power a 5.25 kW diesel engine on dual fuel mode.Performance of the engine was reported by keeping biomass moisture contents as 8%,12%,16%,and 21%,engine speed as 1 600 r/min and with variable engine loads.The average value of thermal efficiency on dual fuel mode was found slightly lower than that of diesel mode.The specific diesel consumption was found to be 60%-64% less in dual fuel mode than that in diesel mode for the same amount of energy output.The average diesel substitution of 74% was observed with wood chips followed by corn cobs(78%) and pigeon pea stalks(82%).Based on the performance studied,the producer gas may be used as a substitute or as supplementary fuel for diesel conservation,particularly for stationary engines in agricultural operations in the farm.展开更多
This paper reports that ferromagnetism(FM)can be induced in ferroelectric barium titanate(BaTiO_(3))ceramic with selection of appropriate substituents like Zn and Mn.High density polycrystalline samples of Zn and Mn s...This paper reports that ferromagnetism(FM)can be induced in ferroelectric barium titanate(BaTiO_(3))ceramic with selection of appropriate substituents like Zn and Mn.High density polycrystalline samples of Zn and Mn substituted BaTiO_(3)(Ba_(1-x)Zn_(x)Ti_(1-x)Mn_(x)O_(3),x=0,0.02,0.04,0.06,0.08 and 0.1)were prepared using slow step solid state sintering technique to study the effect of equiproprotional substituents on structural,ferroelectric and magnetic properties of BaTiO_(3)(BTO).High precision electrical and magnetic measurements were carried out along with XRD,XPS,and SEM to understand and co-relate magnetic and ferroelectric hysteresis loop observed at room temperature with different values of‘x’.It is seen that ferroelectric hysteresis loop(P~E)is deteriorated(became lossy type)with the increase of Zn and Mn concentration.However,at x=0.1,the material showed the signature of room temperature ferromagnetism,which is an index for BTO to became a promising material for multiferroic applications.M~H loops observed in Zn and Mn substituted BTO are expected to be due to the formation of oxygen vacancies and exchange interaction induced magnetism.展开更多
Silicone rubber composite is a priority electrical insulating material used in high-voltage outdoor insulation applications.Low electrical tracking/erosion and poor flame resistance performance of silicone rubber once...Silicone rubber composite is a priority electrical insulating material used in high-voltage outdoor insulation applications.Low electrical tracking/erosion and poor flame resistance performance of silicone rubber once ignited,substantially reduce its working life.This paper attempts to investigate tracking/erosion performance of room temperature vulcanized(RTV)silicone rubber along with flame retardant parameters using aluminum trihydrate(ATH),graphene nanosheets(GN)and milled glass fiber(GF)additives.The inclined plane test(IPT)was performed in line with criteria defined in IEC 60587 using step-up tracking voltage method while flame retardancy is evaluated according to ASTM E 1354.0 using a cone calorimeter.Results suggest 30% of ATH assists in improving physical tracking/erosion resistance of pristine silicone elastomer rubber by impeding development of leakage current and a great reduction in maximum average temperatures on the surface of RTV2.Further improvement in performance of RTV2 is achieved through introduction of 1%of GN and 5% of GF as seen in RTV4.Moreover,30% of ATH reduces heat release rate and smoke production rate,and this trend is improved with the introduction of GN/GF.RTV4 has pop up as the most promising silicone rubber composite with excellent electrical tracking,erosion,and flame resistance performance relative to its counterparts in this study.展开更多
文摘This paper describes the usefulness of renewable energy throughout the world to generate power. Renewable energy adds a remarkable scope in power system. Renewable energy sources act as the prime mover of a microgrid. The Microgrid is a small network of power system with distributed generation (DG) units connected in parallel. The integration challenges of renewable energy sources and the control of microgrid are described in this paper. The varied nature of DG system produces voltage and frequency deviation. The unknown nature of the load produces un-modeled dynamics. This un-modeled dynamic introduces measurable effects on the performance of the microgrid. This paper investigates the performance of the microgrid against different scenarios. The voltage of the microgrid is controlled by using different controllers and their results are also investigated. The performance of controllers is investigated using MATLAB/Simulink SimPowerSystems.
文摘This paper presents a comprehensive survey of fault diagnosis and fault tolerant approaches for permanent magnet synchronous machines(PMSM).PMSMs are prominent in the pervading usage of electric motors,for their high efficiency,great robustness,reliability and low torque inertia.In spite of their extensive appliance,they can be quite non-resilient and inadequate in operation when faults appear in motor drive apparatus such as inverters,stator windings,sensors,etc.These may lead to insulation failure,torque fluctuations,overcurrent or even system collapse.On that account,fault diagnosis and fault tolerant methods are equipped to enhance the stability and robustness in PMSMs.Progressive methodologies of PMSM fault diagnosis and tolerance are classified,discussed,reviewed and compared in this paper,beginning with mat hematical modeling of PMSM and then scrutinizing various fault conditions in PMSMs.Finally,the scope of research on the topic is highlighted.The contribution of this review is to emphasize optimistic schemes and to assist researchers with the latest trends in this field for future directions.
文摘To identify and establish beneficiation techniques for banded hematite quartzite （BHQ） iron ore, a comprehensive research on BHQ ore treatment was carried out. The BHQ ore was assayed as 38.9wt% Fe, 42.5wt% SiO2, and 1.0wt% Al2O3. In this ore, hematite and quartz are present as the major mineral phases where goethite, martite, and magnetite are present in small amounts. The liberation of hematite particles can be enhanced to about 82% by reducing the particle size to below 63 μm. The rejection of silica particles can be obtained by magnetic and flotation separation techniques. Overall, the BHQ ore can be enriched to 65.3wt% Fe at 61.9% iron recovery. A flowsheet has been suggested for the commercial exploitation of the BHQ ore.
文摘Meteorological changes urge engineering communities to look for sustainable and clean energy technologies to keep the environment safe by reducing CO_(2) emissions.The structure of these technologies relies on the deep inte-gration of advanced data-driven techniques which can ensure efficient energy generation,transmission,and distribu-tion.After conducting thorough research for more than a decade,the concept of the smart grid(SG)has emerged,and its practice around the world paves the ways for efficient use of reliable energy technology.However,many developing features evoke keen interest and their improvements can be regarded as the next-generation smart grid(NGSG).Also,to deal with the non-linearity and uncertainty,the emergence of data-driven NGSG technology can become a great initiative to reduce the diverse impact of non-linearity.This paper exhibits the conceptual framework of NGSG by enabling some intelligent technical features to ensure its reliable operation,including intelligent control,agent-based energy conversion,edge computing for energy management,internet of things(IoT)enabled inverter,agent-oriented demand side management,etc.Also,a study on the development of data-driven NGSG is discussed to facilitate the use of emerging data-driven techniques(DDTs)for the sustainable operation of the SG.The prospects of DDTs in the NGSG and their adaptation challenges in real-time are also explored in this paper from various points of view including engineering,technology,et al.Finally,the trends of DDTs towards securing sustainable and clean energy evolution from the NGSG technology in order to keep the environment safe is also studied,while some major future issues are highlighted.This paper can offer extended support for engineers and researchers in the context of data-driven technology and the SG.
文摘The major hindrances in the energy system are ecological consciousness, lack of clean and sustainableenergy management, insufficient energy distribution–transmission–optimization, expensive power transfercosts, and increased customer knowledge of energy charges. Thus why, universal access to the grid with highcybersecurity, and reliability is needed to solve all these challenges. The digital twin concept turns a newdimension of technology into the world. Electric Digital Twin grid can perform online analysis of the grid inreal-time and integrates all the past and present data and express the current grid status to the producers andconsumers and also predicts the future grid status. Thus, the power grid transmission loss and location of theoverheated line and power connection missing can be detected in addition decision-making and self-healingcan possible. The future prediction saves the power grid from small to long accidents such as power outagesand even blackout problems. The whole consumers and nation feel relief from these types of accidents andsaves from large economic and business loss. The blockchain-enabled digital twin grid provides high securityfor the grid from cyberattacks. The paper conveys the framework of the electric digital twin grid and theconcept of the DT grid processing and the way of serving the producer, prosumers, consumers even the wholenation in infrastructure, education, research, economic, business, and political development.
文摘Landslides are common natural hazards occurring in most parts of the world and have considerable adverse economic effects. Residual shear strength of clay is one of the most important factors in the determination of stability of slopes or landslides. This effect is more pronounced in sensitive clays which show large changes in shear strength from peak to residual states. This study analyses the prediction of the residual strength of clay based on a new prediction model, functional networks（FN） using data available in the literature. The performance of FN was compared with support vector machine（SVM） and artificial neural network（ANN） based on statistical parameters like correlation coefficient（R）, Nash–Sutcliff coefficient of efficiency（E）, absolute average error（AAE）, maximum average error（MAE） and root mean square error（RMSE）. Based on R and E parameters, FN is found to be a better prediction tool than ANN for the given data. However, the R and E values for FN are less than SVM. A prediction equation is presented that can be used by practicing geotechnical engineers. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to ascertain the importance of various inputs in the prediction of the output.
文摘Agricultural areas of land are deteriorating every day owing to population increase, rapid urbanization, and industrialization. To feed today’s huge populations, increased crop production is required from smaller areas, which warrants the continuous application of high doses of inorganic fertilizers to agricultural land. These cause damage to soil health and, therefore, nutrient imbalance conditions in arable soils. Under these conditions, the benefits of microbial inoculants (such as Actinobacteria) as replacements for harmful chemicals and promoting ecofriendly sustainable farming practices have been made clear through recent technological advances. There are multifunctional traits involved in the production of different types of bioactive compounds responsible for plant growth promotion, and the biocontrol of phytopathogens has reduced the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. There are some well-known groups of nitrogen-fixing Actinobacteria, such as Frankia, which undergo mutualism with plants and offer enhanced symbiotic trade-offs.In addition to nitrogen fixation, increasing availability of major plant nutrients in soil due to the solubilization of immobilized forms of phosphorus and potassium compounds, production of phytohormones, such as indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-pyruvic acid, gibberellins, and cytokinins, improving organic matter decomposition by releasing cellulases, xylanase, glucanases, lipases, and proteases, and suppression of soil-borne pathogens by the production of siderophores, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, and chitinase are important features of Actinobacteria useful for combating biotic and abiotic stresses in plants.The positive influence of Actinobacteria on soil fertility and plant health has motivated us to compile this review of important findings associated with sustaining plant productivity in the long run.
文摘The quality of coke affects the performance of the blast furnace, factors affecting coke quality include coal properties, coal charge granulometry and carbonization conditions. The coke properties in elude the size analysis, cold strength (Micum Indices-M4(). MI0) and hot strength (Coke Reactivity Index-CRI, Coke Strength after Reaction-CSR) properties and structural properties such as coke structure and texture. Structural properties comprise the porosity, pore-cell wall thickness and pore sizes, while textures consist of the carbon forms in the coke. In present work, advanced method such as image analysis method was used to interpret coke microstructure. Conventional methods such as determination of coke porosity by measurement of real and apparent density and mercury porosimetry have a number of limitations. Coke size, magnification, number of image frames captured, process of pellet preparations and coke properties such as M4(), M|0, CRI and CSR (low, medium and high values) were taken as variables for experimental purposes. The coke structure parameters such as porosity, length, perimeter, breadth, roundness, pore-wall thickness and pore size distribution of the pores were determined by image analysis method. This method provided average porosity in addition to pore-wall thickness and pore-size distribution. The pore wall thickness measuremenl by image analysis method provided significant correlations with M40, CRI and CSR values. This explained the usability of image analysis for coke structure measurement.
文摘AIM： To evaluate the efficacy of selective laser trabeculoplasty（SLT） in glaucomatous eyes with previous incisional glaucoma surgery. METHODS： A retrospective cohort of eyes that underwent SLT at a single institution from 2013-2015 were followed for 1 y. Reduction in intraocular pressure（IOP） following SLT was evaluated in eyes with prior trabeculectomy with Ex Press mini shunt（Alcon, Ft Worth, TX, USA）, Ahmed valve（New World Medical, Cucamonga, CA, USA）, or combined phacoemulsification-trabeculectomy. A control group was included with eyes without prior surgery that underwent SLT. Success was defined as 〉20% drop in IOP from pre-SLT baseline. RESULTS： One-hundred and six eyes were included with 53 in both the prior glaucoma surgery（PGS） and no prior glaucoma surgery（NPGS） groups. Mean pre-SLT IOP was 19.2±4.3 and 20.6±6.0 mm Hg for PGS and NPGS groups, respectively（P=0.17）. Both groups produced statistically significant IOP reductions at 1 and 6 mo（P〈0.04）. At 6 mo, mean IOP reduction reached 7.3% and 10.8% for the PGS and NPGS groups, respectively（P=0.42）. Overall, 27.9% and 31.7% of eyes in PGS and NPGS groups met success criteria at 1 y（P=0.70）. In the PGS group, eyes with baseline IOP ≥21 mm Hg had IOP reductions of 18.1%（P〈0.001）, 16.7%（P〈0.01）, and 8.4%（P=0.31） compared to eyes with baseline IOP 〈21 mm Hg who had IOP reductions of 2.3%（P=0.39）, 3.4%（P=0.19）, and 1.1%（P=0.72） at 1, 6 mo, and 1 y, respectively. CONCLUSION： SLT is efficacious in eyes with prior incisional glaucoma surgery and results in similar IOP reductions compared to eyes without PGS. A larger IOP reduction is observed following SLT in eyes with higher pre-SLT IOP.
文摘Litchi chinensis sonn.) ranks second after mango amongst the most important fruit crops cultivated worldwide. Litchi is a very valuable crop throughout the world because it is a table fruit and wines are also produced from it. The existing cultivars are highly polyploidy and heterozygous in nature. It is propagated through air layering and marcottage methods and storability is very low. Synthetic seeds can be stored for a long time and its genetic constitution could remain the same. For germplasm maintenance and clonal propagation, synthetic seeds can be used. Somatic embryogenesis has been reported from anther or embryogenic suspension culture in various species of litchi. Regeneration via organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis from zygotic embryos has also been reported in certain species. Developing a methodology for getting somatic embryogenesis with a high frequency from zygotic embryos which is available once in a year, would be particularly useful for genetic improvement of litchi. Cotyledonary stage somatic embryos developed from zygotic embryos were encapsulated in 2% alginate gel. The encapsulated somatic embryos (ESEs) germinated successfully on 0.7% agar medium containing 3% sucrose concentration in NN basal medium (half strength of major and minor salts) with 1 mg·l<sup>-1</sup> of gibbrellic acid. Percentage germination and plantlet development for ESEs was higher than that of non encapsulated embryos (NSEs). In comparison to different hormones, gibberellic acid has a significant influence on the germination rate of ESEs after one week of dehydration was seen maximum at 9% sucrose and abscisic acid (1 mg·l-1</sup><sup></sup>) in half strength of major and minor salts in Nitsch and Nitsch medium resulting in extended storage up to 90 days without loss in germination potential and capability to regenerate into plantlets. Normally developed plantlets regenerated from ESEs were successfully adapted to soil to obtain a full grown plant.
文摘In this paper,a delay-dependent robust stability criterion is proposed for linear systems with two delays.For delay-dependent stable systems,the delays are very small in nature.So,they may overlap each other.This overlapping information may be exploited to obtain a less conservative criterion.To extract such information,a special type of simple Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional is considered.To derive the criterion in form of Linear Matrix inequalities,a matrix variable approach is used.Some numerical examples are presented to validate the less conservativeness of the proposed criterion.
文摘The quickening propensity of growth within the areas of information and communications technology and en-ergy networks has triggered the emergence of a central idea termed as Internet of Energy(IoE).Such a concept relates the internet of things,which is the term used in describing the usage of sophisticated digital control devices with the capability of transmitting data via IT systems.The concept of an interconnected energy network is being formed in the upcoming days through upgrades in the field of intelligent energy systems to control real-time energy optimization and management.The energy industry has had a sustained expansion,reaching the IoE milestone and continuing to this cutting-edge power system,which is the next generation of IoE.A directional pathway from the traditional power system to the IoE has been conducted in this research work by addressing the importance of integrating the smart transmission and communication infrastructure,smart metering,pricing and energy management scheme.A detailed investigation of the IoE with respect to technical angles,such as communication architecture,IoE on the supply&demand side,and IoE protocol based on fundamental elements and essential technologies has been carried out to indicate the blueprint and jurisdiction complexity.The inte-gration,security and energy management challenges may deviate the performance of the IoE technology that has been focused with proper control issues and solutions.Finally,a directional framework to establish the next-generation IoE system has been constructed with future scopes to insure higher resiliency,cyber-security and stability.
文摘We investigated decomposition and nutrient release patterns of leaf and sheath litter of two important highland bamboo species （viz. Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb. （Zucc.） and Arundinaria racemosa Munro） by using a litter bag technique. Our objective was to improve understanding of the addition of organic matter and nutrients to soil from the litter of two abundant highland bamboo species, species that support the local population of the region in many ways. N concentration and N/P ratio were significantly higher （p〈0.01） in leaf litter of P bambusoides. Significantly, larger values of lignin concentration, C/N ratio, and lignin/N ratio were found in the sheath litter ofA racemosa. Weight loss of both leaf and sheath litter was strongly positively correlated with N and N/P ratio, and significantly negatively correlated 6o〈0.01） with C/N ratio. Lignin/N had a negative correlation with decay rate. In both species, only lignin concentration of the litter showed strong positive correlation with N release. Litter decomposition and N release patterns were similar for the two bamboo species, whereas, P release rate from leaf litter was higher in P bambusoides and differed significantly between sheath and leaf litter for both species. The complex pattern of nutrient release through mineralization and immobilization during litter decomposition ensures nutrient availability in both managed and natural bamboo stands subjected to anthropogenic disturbances.
基金Gujarat Arts and Science College,India and Raiganj University,India for their support
文摘Induced systemic resistance(ISR)is a mechanism by which certain plant beneficial rhizobacteria and fungi produce immunity,which can stimulate crop growth and resilience against various phytopathogens,insects,and parasites.These beneficial rhizobacteria and fungi improve plant performance by regulating hormone signaling,including salicylic acid(SA),jasmonic acid(JA),prosystemin,pathogenesis-related gene 1,and ethylene(ET)pathways,which activate the gene expression of ISR,the synthesis of secondary metabolites,various enzymes,and volatile compounds that ultimately induce defense mechanisms in plant.To protect themselves from disease,plants have various advanced defense mechanisms in which local acquired resistance,systemic gene silencing,systemic wound response,systemic acquired resistance(SAR),and ISR are involved.Several rhizobacteria activate the SA-dependent SAR pathway by producing SA at the root’s surface.In contrast,other rhizobacteria can activate different signaling pathways independent of SA(SA-independent ISR pathways)such as those dependent on JA and ET signaling.The main objective of this review is to provide insight into the types of induced resistance utilized for plant defense.Further to this,the genetic approaches used to suppress disease-causing genes,i.e.,RNA interference and antisense RNA,which are still underutilized in sustainable agriculture,along with the current vision for virus-induced gene silencing are also discussed.
文摘Technological advancements in smart grid energy systems (SGESs) are introducing sustainable frameworksto meet the demand for the fourth industrial energy revolution. These frameworks are planned to be usedin the forthcoming future to maintain the energy network operation with optimization, energy trading, gridautomation, and so on. Blockchain (BCn), developing after passing a diverse period of the research journey,comes to the mind of researchers and its integration in SGES paves the way to reach the goal of energydemand. However, still of interest is ongoing in the improvement of BCn features which can be regarded asthe next-generation blockchain framework. This paper exhibits the technical framework of the next-generationBCn framework and explores its benefits and challenges in performing the emerging aspects of SGES. Thisframework enables some advanced features for the sustainable operation of SGES like smart metering, peer-topeer (P2P) energy trading, self-operation, and transparency. The technical explanation of this BCn technologyestablished on essential features and requisites is also presented in this paper from various points of viewwhich include smart mechanism, intelligent storage system, and interoperability. We also highlight the recentprogress and limitations of the current BCn framework in SGES. Finally, some challenges towards integratingthe next-generation BCn technology in SGES are reported. This work can provide extended support for thepractitioner and researcher in the context of BCn technology and SGES.
文摘Producer gas through gasification of biomass can be used as an alternate fuel in rural areas due to high potential of biomass resources in India.Experiments were conducted to study the performance of a diesel engine(four stroke,single cylinder,5.25 kW) with respect to its thermal efficiency,specific fuel consumption and diesel substitution by use of diesel alone and producer gas-cum-diesel(dual fuel mode).Three types of biomass,i.e.wood chips,pigeon pea stalks and corn cobs were used for generation of producer gas.A producer gas system consisting of a downdraft gasifier,a cooling cum cleaning unit,a filtering unit and a gas air mixing device was designed,fabricated and used to power a 5.25 kW diesel engine on dual fuel mode.Performance of the engine was reported by keeping biomass moisture contents as 8%,12%,16%,and 21%,engine speed as 1 600 r/min and with variable engine loads.The average value of thermal efficiency on dual fuel mode was found slightly lower than that of diesel mode.The specific diesel consumption was found to be 60%-64% less in dual fuel mode than that in diesel mode for the same amount of energy output.The average diesel substitution of 74% was observed with wood chips followed by corn cobs(78%) and pigeon pea stalks(82%).Based on the performance studied,the producer gas may be used as a substitute or as supplementary fuel for diesel conservation,particularly for stationary engines in agricultural operations in the farm.
基金Author S.K.Das acknowledges to CSIR,New Delhi for providing financial support
文摘This paper reports that ferromagnetism(FM)can be induced in ferroelectric barium titanate(BaTiO_(3))ceramic with selection of appropriate substituents like Zn and Mn.High density polycrystalline samples of Zn and Mn substituted BaTiO_(3)(Ba_(1-x)Zn_(x)Ti_(1-x)Mn_(x)O_(3),x=0,0.02,0.04,0.06,0.08 and 0.1)were prepared using slow step solid state sintering technique to study the effect of equiproprotional substituents on structural,ferroelectric and magnetic properties of BaTiO_(3)(BTO).High precision electrical and magnetic measurements were carried out along with XRD,XPS,and SEM to understand and co-relate magnetic and ferroelectric hysteresis loop observed at room temperature with different values of‘x’.It is seen that ferroelectric hysteresis loop(P~E)is deteriorated(became lossy type)with the increase of Zn and Mn concentration.However,at x=0.1,the material showed the signature of room temperature ferromagnetism,which is an index for BTO to became a promising material for multiferroic applications.M~H loops observed in Zn and Mn substituted BTO are expected to be due to the formation of oxygen vacancies and exchange interaction induced magnetism.
基金financially through the Fulbright Postdoctoral-Vice Chancellor’s Postdoctoral Research Fellowship.
文摘Silicone rubber composite is a priority electrical insulating material used in high-voltage outdoor insulation applications.Low electrical tracking/erosion and poor flame resistance performance of silicone rubber once ignited,substantially reduce its working life.This paper attempts to investigate tracking/erosion performance of room temperature vulcanized(RTV)silicone rubber along with flame retardant parameters using aluminum trihydrate(ATH),graphene nanosheets(GN)and milled glass fiber(GF)additives.The inclined plane test(IPT)was performed in line with criteria defined in IEC 60587 using step-up tracking voltage method while flame retardancy is evaluated according to ASTM E 1354.0 using a cone calorimeter.Results suggest 30% of ATH assists in improving physical tracking/erosion resistance of pristine silicone elastomer rubber by impeding development of leakage current and a great reduction in maximum average temperatures on the surface of RTV2.Further improvement in performance of RTV2 is achieved through introduction of 1%of GN and 5% of GF as seen in RTV4.Moreover,30% of ATH reduces heat release rate and smoke production rate,and this trend is improved with the introduction of GN/GF.RTV4 has pop up as the most promising silicone rubber composite with excellent electrical tracking,erosion,and flame resistance performance relative to its counterparts in this study.
