加拿大心境障碍与焦虑障碍治疗协作组(Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments,CANMAT)曾于2005年发布了第1版双相障碍管理指南,并分别于2007、2009和2013年对该指南进行了更新,其中最近的2次更新是与国际双相障碍学会(Inter...加拿大心境障碍与焦虑障碍治疗协作组(Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments,CANMAT)曾于2005年发布了第1版双相障碍管理指南,并分别于2007、2009和2013年对该指南进行了更新,其中最近的2次更新是与国际双相障碍学会(International Society for Bipolar Disorders,ISBD)合作完成。2018版CANMAT/ISBD双相障碍治疗指南(以下简称指南)反映了自2005年首版指南发表以来本领域取得的重大进展,包括疾病诊断与疾病管理的更新以及药物治疗与心理治疗的近期研究进展。这些前沿进展中综合考虑了循证证据的级别,并基于治疗疗效、临床实践经验、安全性、耐受性和药物导致的转相风险等,对一线、二线及三线治疗方案进行了简明而清晰的推荐。本指南中新增内容涵盖了双相Ⅰ型障碍(BD-Ⅰ)的躁狂发作急性期、抑郁发作急性期和双相障碍维持期的一线及二线治疗推荐等级划分。这种对治疗推荐等级的划分综合考虑了治疗方法对双相障碍不同时相的影响,将进一步帮助临床医生做出基于循证证据的治疗决策。锂盐、喹硫平、双丙戊酸盐、阿塞那平、阿立哌唑、帕利哌酮、利培酮和卡利拉嗪单药或联合使用被推荐为躁狂发作急性期的一线治疗选择。BD-Ⅰ抑郁期的一线治疗选择包括喹硫平、鲁拉西酮、锂盐、拉莫三嗪单药,鲁拉西酮联合锂盐或双丙戊酸盐或拉莫三嗪辅助治疗。尽管急性期治疗有效的药物通常应继续用于BD-Ⅰ的维持期治疗,但也存在一些特殊情况(例如抗抑郁药)。现有数据表明,锂盐、喹硫平、双丙戊酸盐、拉莫三嗪、阿塞那平和阿立哌唑单药或联合治疗应被视为维持治疗的初始或更换治疗方案时的一线选择。除了探讨BD-Ⅰ的相关问题外,本指南中还对双相Ⅱ型障碍(BD-Ⅱ)的临床管理进行了系统回顾并给予治疗推荐,同时针对特殊人群也有相关推荐,如处于各个生殖展开更多
Detection of circulating tumor-specific DNA, RNA or proteins can be difficult due to relative scarcity. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles, 30 - 150 nm in diameter derived from fusion of multivesicular bodies with th...Detection of circulating tumor-specific DNA, RNA or proteins can be difficult due to relative scarcity. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles, 30 - 150 nm in diameter derived from fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. They are composed of a lipid bilayer membrane and contain proteins, mRNA and miRNA. Exosomes are secreted by multiple cell types, including cancer cells. However, there is a relative lack of information concerning the contents of exosomes secreted by various tumor cell types. To examine exosomes in cancer, we collected blood plasma samples from patients with breast, ovarian, prostate, hepatic, gastric, colon, and pancreatic cancers. Exosomes were isolated from plasma and confirmed by AchE assay, transmission electron microscopy and expression of the CD63 exosomal marker. Expression of AFP, CA724, CA153, CEA, CA125, CA199 and PSA antigens were determined using an automated electro-chemiluminescence assay. Expression of the tumor-related chaperone protein, mortalin, was determined by Western blot analysis. Levels of exosome secretion were variable among the different tumor types. Both exosome levels and mortalin expression within tumor cell exosomes were higher than in healthy donors, except in pancreatic carcinoma, where exosomes were elevated but mortalin expression was not significantly different from healthy donors. Exosomes provide unique opportunities for the enrichment of tumor-specific materials and may be useful as biomarkers and possibly as tools of cancer therapies. Mortalin, which has been linked to cell proliferation and induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition of cancer cells, may be useful as a prognostic biomarker and as a possible therapeutic target.展开更多
Leakage currents accelerate surface degradation of metal contacts via small scale arcing across lubricating films,but recent observations suggest that metallic nanoparticle additives in lubricants may be useful to imp...Leakage currents accelerate surface degradation of metal contacts via small scale arcing across lubricating films,but recent observations suggest that metallic nanoparticle additives in lubricants may be useful to improve contact performance.These findings prompted a study that examined electrically induced surface pitting of steel contacts in the presence of several lubricating greases including some containing nanometer-sized colloidal silver(Ag)particles.Reciprocating rolling sphere-on-disk experiments were conducted under electro-tribological loads employing polyurea greases derived from mineral and synthetic base oils with and without additives.Friction forces and electrical resistance were monitored continuously during the tests;surface changes were characterized by means of optical spectroscopy,stylus profilometry,and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)including compositional analysis using energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS).The observations demonstrate that surface pitting induced by arcing occurs mainly at the points were the rolling motion changes direction and that eroded metal is deposited along the wear grove.Micron-sized pits are formed which contain carbon and oxygen indicating that arcing causes decomposition of the hydrocarbon lubricants.Numerous findings indicate a significant inhibition of pitting is induced by the Ag nanoparticles;some greases containing other additives exhibit a similar,although less pronounced,effect.展开更多
In this paper, a modelling benchmark exercise from the DECOVALEX-2011 project is presented. The bench- mark is based on the performance and results of a laboratory drying test and of the ventilation experiment （VE） ...In this paper, a modelling benchmark exercise from the DECOVALEX-2011 project is presented. The bench- mark is based on the performance and results of a laboratory drying test and of the ventilation experiment （VE） carried out in the Mont Terri Underground Rock Laboratory （URL）. Both tests involve Opalinus clay. The work aims at the identification, understanding and quantification of mechanisms taking place during the ventilation of a gallery in argillaceous host rocks on one hand and at investigating the capacity of different codes and individuals to reproduce these processes on the other hand. The 4-year in situ VE took place in a 1.3 m diameter unlined tunnel and included two resaturation-desaturation cycles. The test area was equipped with over one hundred sensors （including the global water mass balance of the system, relative humidity （RH）, water content, liquid pressure, relative displacement and concentration of some chemical species） to monitor the rock behaviour during ventilation. The laboratory drying experiment, carried out before the VE, was designed to mimic the in situ conditions. The work was organized in a progressive manner in terms of complexity of the computations to be performed, geared towards the full hydro-mechano-chemical （HMC） understanding of the VE, the final objective. The main results from the modelling work reported herein are that the response of the host rock to ventilation in argillaceous rocks is mainly governed by hydraulic processes （advective Darcy flow and non-advective vapour diffu- sion） and that the hydro-mechanical （TM） back coupling is weak. A ventilation experiment may thus be regarded as a large scale-long time pump test and it is used to determine the hydraulic conductivity of the rock mass.展开更多
Some basic physics of burgeoning quantum neuroscience is described. Anatomy of the neuron suggests that nonsynaptic mechanisms of signal transmittance occur via electric current acceleration and companion electromagne...Some basic physics of burgeoning quantum neuroscience is described. Anatomy of the neuron suggests that nonsynaptic mechanisms of signal transmittance occur via electric current acceleration and companion electromagnetic field fluctuation. I have named this mechanism of solution chemistry the ebb effect. Phase-locking between neural structure and electric fields that are emergent from cellular EM field fluctuations, in addition to feedback loops within neural networks, are the probable driver of macroscopic oscillation and flow shapes in the brain. CEMI (conscious electromagnetic information) theory is a promising framework for explaining intentionality and the spectrum of arousal as EM field effects. Relatively low frequency electromagnetic radiation is emitted by the accelerating electric currents of neurons. It is hypothesized that this EM radiation superpositions with molecular structure as it spreads to comprise percepts, the hybrid wavelengths of which form subjective images while wavelength vibrations result in subjective feel. These superposition arrays are termed a coherence field, and in combination with the synchronizing influence of quantum entanglement and electromagnetic fluctuations may constitute much of awareness’ substance. If conclusively verified, coherence field theory should have significance ranging from the treatment of perceptual disorders such as anosognosia to advancing foundational constructs like atomic theory.展开更多
At Mont Terri Underground Research Laboratory （URL） Switzerland, a specific experiment has been per- formed in a tunnel, in order to investigate the hydro-mechano-chemical （HMC） perturbations induced in the argill...At Mont Terri Underground Research Laboratory （URL） Switzerland, a specific experiment has been per- formed in a tunnel, in order to investigate the hydro-mechano-chemical （HMC） perturbations induced in the argillaceous formation by forced ventilation. This experiment has been selected in the international project DECOVALEX to be used for process model development and validation. The numerical simula- tion of the geochemical response to the ventilation experiment （VE） is the object of the present paper, focusing on the transport of chloride as a conservative species and sulphate as a reactive species. Uti- lising the validated hydro-mechanical （HM） results from earlier steps of the DECOVALEX task, reactive and non-reactive transport models, incorporating the current understanding of the geochemistry at the site, were successfully constructed for the whole experimental period. The associated parametric and process uncertainty analyses clearly demonstrate that the basic HM understanding must be sound. How- ever, to demonstrate this degree of robustness, the explicit inclusion of process representations of water desaturation, liquid vaporisation, species exclusion porosity, and redox processes, is required.展开更多
In order to investigate the hydro-mechanical （HM） and chemical perturbations induced in an argillaceous formation by forced ventilation during the operational period of a nuclear waste repository, a specific experim...In order to investigate the hydro-mechanical （HM） and chemical perturbations induced in an argillaceous formation by forced ventilation during the operational period of a nuclear waste repository, a specific experiment has been performed in a tunnel, at Mont Terri Underground Research Laboratory （URL） in Switzerland. This experiment has been selected in the international project DECOVALEX for model vali- dation and the numerical simulation of this ventilation experiment （VE） is the object of the present paper. Since the argillaceous rock exhibits anisotropic properties, particular attention is given to the evaluation of the effects of various anisotropic features on the predicted results. In situ measurements such as relative humidity （RH）, global water mass extracted, pore water pressure, water content, and relative displace- ments are compared to predictions using both isotropic and anisotropic parameters. Water permeability anisotropy is shown to be the most influencing parameter by far, whereas in situ stress anisotropy has an effect only during the excavation phase. The anisotropy for mechanical parameterization has also some influence, in particular through HM couplings. These HM couplings have the potential to be very significant in terms of providing confidence in describing the experimental observation, and should be considered for further investigation.展开更多
Microbialites, often considered as a signal of extreme marine environment, are common in the Lower Triassic strata of South China where they flourished in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction. Early Triass...Microbialites, often considered as a signal of extreme marine environment, are common in the Lower Triassic strata of South China where they flourished in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction. Early Triassic microbialite facies are known to vary palaeogeographically, perhaps due to differing climates, ocean chemistry, and water depths. This paper provides the first record of a brief, but spectacular development of microbialites in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction at Panjiazhuang section, Changxing Region of Zhejiang Province (eastern South China). Here, the Upper Permian Changxing Formation comprises typical shallow platform facies rich in calcareous algae and foraminifera, the development of which was terminated by the major end-Permian regression. A 3.4-m-thick microbialite began to form at the onset of the transgression in the earliest Triassic. The microbialite at Panjiazhuang section is composed of thrombolite that contains abundant calcified cyanobacteria, small gastropods, microconchid tubes and ostracods, representing a low-diversity shallow marine community in the aftermath of the end-Permian crisis. The microbialites are succeeded by thin-bedded micrites bearing thin-shelled bivalves, which record a rapid sea-level rise in the Early Triassic. Abundant populations of small pyrite framboids are observed in the upper part of the microbialites and the overlying thin-bedded micrites, suggesting that dysoxic water conditions developed at that time. The appearance of microbialites near the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) at Panjiazhuang section was the result of peculiar marine conditions following the end-Permian regression, whilst their disappearance was due to the increasing water depth and the development of dysoxia.展开更多
AIM： TO study if T-cell activation related to portasystemic shunting causes osteoclast-mediated bone loss through RANKL-dependent pathways. We also investigated if T-cell inhibition using rapamycin would protect agai...AIM： TO study if T-cell activation related to portasystemic shunting causes osteoclast-mediated bone loss through RANKL-dependent pathways. We also investigated if T-cell inhibition using rapamycin would protect against bone loss in rats. METHODS： Portasystemic shunting was performed in male Sprague-Dawley rats and rapamycin 0.1 mg/kg was administered for 15 wk by gavage. Rats received powderized chow and supplemental feeds to prevent the effects of malnutrition on bone composition. Weight gain and growth was restored after surgery in shunted animals. At termination, biochemical parameters of bone turnover and quantitative bone histology were assessed. Markers of T-cell activation, inflammatory cytokine production, and RANKL-dependent pathways were measured. In addition, the roles of IGF-1 and hypogonadism were investigated. RESULTS： Portasystemic shunting caused low turnover osteoporosis that was RANKL independent. Bone resorbing cytokine levels, including IL-1, IL-6 and TNFα, were not increased in serum and TNFα and RANKL expression were not upregulated in PBMC. Portasystemic shunting increased the circulating CD8＋ T-cell population. Rapamycin decreased the circulating CD8＋ T-cell population, increased CD8＋ CD25＋ T-regulatory cell population and improved all parameters of bone turnover. CONCLUSION： Osteoporosis caused by portasystemic shunting may be partially ameliorated by rapamycin in the rat model of hepatic osteodystrophy.展开更多
Neuroscience and physics have progressed far enough that the explanatory gap between models of matter and the substance of perceptual experience is tantalizingly close to being bridged, at least insofar as consciousne...Neuroscience and physics have progressed far enough that the explanatory gap between models of matter and the substance of perceptual experience is tantalizingly close to being bridged, at least insofar as consciousness is produced by the brain. This paper aims to describe the basics of how signals are transmitted within neurons via electromagnetic energy fluctuations, how EM fields emergent from these energy flows manifest as the subconscious and an experience of willed agency, as well as how the quantum principles which both EM radiation and atomic structure abide combine them to form percepts from electromagnetic matter. This might be the most promising option yet for fashioning a physical paradigm that theorizes consciousness.展开更多
A general definition of quantum coherence is developed from analysis of superposition, entanglement, chemical bonding behavior, and basic phenomena of classical mechanics. Various properties of atoms can be better exp...A general definition of quantum coherence is developed from analysis of superposition, entanglement, chemical bonding behavior, and basic phenomena of classical mechanics. Various properties of atoms can be better explained if these particles are matter waves that embody a spectrum ranging from relatively coherent to decoherent states. It is demonstrated that quantum coherence so defined can comprehensively explain signal transmission in neurons and dynamics of the brain’s emergent electric field, including potential support for the claim that conscious volition is to some degree real rather than an illusion. Recent research in a physiological context suggests that electromagnetic radiation interacts with molecular structure to comprise integrated energy fields. A mechanism is proposed by which quantum coherence as accelerating electric currents in neurons may result in a broadened spectrum of electromagnetic radiation capable of interacting with molecular complexes in the brain and perhaps elsewhere in an organism to influence vibrational and structural properties. Research should investigate whether a consequent energy field is the basic perceptual substrate, with at least some additive electromagnetic wavelengths of this field involved in generating image percepts insofar as they arise from the body, and electromagnetic vibrations the signature of a more diverse phenomenon by which somewhat nondimensional features of perception such as sound, touch, taste, smell, interoceptive sensations, etc. partially arise. If examination of the brain reveals this organ to be composed of a coherence field, structured at least in part by broadened spectrums of EM radiation interacting with molecular components, this has major implications for furthering our model of the matter/mind interface and possibly physical reality in total.展开更多
A new and falsifiable realist interpretation of quantum mechanics is examined in relation to the sum over histories concept, pilot wave theory and the many-worlds interpretation. This electric charge/transactional mod...A new and falsifiable realist interpretation of quantum mechanics is examined in relation to the sum over histories concept, pilot wave theory and the many-worlds interpretation. This electric charge/transactional model explains how the single electron double-slit experiment produces extremely localized endpoints from diffracted wavicles, why these endpoints are scattered around the entire surface of the absorber screen, and why these points of contact result in the characteristic fringe pattern as they accumulate. Advanced waves and substantive electric charge effects in the double-slit experiment are postulated, then this hypothesis is supported by a quantitative analysis of electron emission in comparison to lightning. The wider implications if advanced waves and electric charge distribution prove to be significant factors in the double-slit experiment are discussed, including possible parallels with meteorological and neurological phenomena.展开更多
A model of the way subjective experience arises in matter is proposed, beginning with a brief history of the mind/body problem and proceeding to describe how quantum physics has made modest in roads into an in-depth a...A model of the way subjective experience arises in matter is proposed, beginning with a brief history of the mind/body problem and proceeding to describe how quantum physics has made modest in roads into an in-depth account. The promise quantum biology holds for developing neuroscientific theory is drawn to its logical conclusions, establishing the preliminaries of a comprehensive paradigm for explaining basic elements of perception and how they give rise to full-fledged consciousness.展开更多
Adenoma detection rate(ADR) is a key component of colonoscopy quality assessment, with a direct link between itself and future mortality from colorectal cancer. There are a number of potential factors, both modifiable...Adenoma detection rate(ADR) is a key component of colonoscopy quality assessment, with a direct link between itself and future mortality from colorectal cancer. There are a number of potential factors, both modifiable and non-modifiable that can impact upon ADR. As methods, understanding and technologies advance, so should our ability to improve ADRs, and thus, reduce colorectal cancer mortality. This article will review new technologies and techniques that improve ADR, both in terms of the endoscopes themselves and adjuncts to current systems. In particular it focuses on effective techniques and behaviours, developments in image enhancement, advancement in endoscope design and developments in accessories that may improve ADR. It also highlights the key role that continued medical education plays in improving the quality of colonoscopy and thus ADR. The review aims to present a balanced summary of the evidence currently available and does not propose to serve as a guideline.展开更多
Polyoxometalates （POMs）, with their attractive topological and electronic properties, have been demonstrated over the last few decades to be efficient catalysts for many reactions. In a new direction, POMs having a ...Polyoxometalates （POMs）, with their attractive topological and electronic properties, have been demonstrated over the last few decades to be efficient catalysts for many reactions. In a new direction, POMs having a purely inorganic framework are now being explored as efficient catalysts for water oxidation. This review focuses on very recent developments of POM-based catalysts for water oxidation to O2. In the very extensive family of POMs, tetra-core sandwich-type Ru- and Co-containing POM complexes, namely [Ru404（OH）2（H20）4（y-SiW10O36）2]10- and [CO4（H2O）2（a-PWgO34）2]10- exhibit the ability to facilitate water oxidation under electrocatalytic and/or photocatalytic conditions. However, it is concluded that much work still needs to be done to explain the catalytic mechanisms and optimize these catalytic systems. In addition, recent trends in using ionic liquids as media to modify the electrolytic environment and enhance water oxidation are highlighted.展开更多
文摘加拿大心境障碍与焦虑障碍治疗协作组(Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments,CANMAT)曾于2005年发布了第1版双相障碍管理指南,并分别于2007、2009和2013年对该指南进行了更新,其中最近的2次更新是与国际双相障碍学会(International Society for Bipolar Disorders,ISBD)合作完成。2018版CANMAT/ISBD双相障碍治疗指南(以下简称指南)反映了自2005年首版指南发表以来本领域取得的重大进展,包括疾病诊断与疾病管理的更新以及药物治疗与心理治疗的近期研究进展。这些前沿进展中综合考虑了循证证据的级别,并基于治疗疗效、临床实践经验、安全性、耐受性和药物导致的转相风险等,对一线、二线及三线治疗方案进行了简明而清晰的推荐。本指南中新增内容涵盖了双相Ⅰ型障碍(BD-Ⅰ)的躁狂发作急性期、抑郁发作急性期和双相障碍维持期的一线及二线治疗推荐等级划分。这种对治疗推荐等级的划分综合考虑了治疗方法对双相障碍不同时相的影响,将进一步帮助临床医生做出基于循证证据的治疗决策。锂盐、喹硫平、双丙戊酸盐、阿塞那平、阿立哌唑、帕利哌酮、利培酮和卡利拉嗪单药或联合使用被推荐为躁狂发作急性期的一线治疗选择。BD-Ⅰ抑郁期的一线治疗选择包括喹硫平、鲁拉西酮、锂盐、拉莫三嗪单药,鲁拉西酮联合锂盐或双丙戊酸盐或拉莫三嗪辅助治疗。尽管急性期治疗有效的药物通常应继续用于BD-Ⅰ的维持期治疗,但也存在一些特殊情况(例如抗抑郁药)。现有数据表明,锂盐、喹硫平、双丙戊酸盐、拉莫三嗪、阿塞那平和阿立哌唑单药或联合治疗应被视为维持治疗的初始或更换治疗方案时的一线选择。除了探讨BD-Ⅰ的相关问题外,本指南中还对双相Ⅱ型障碍(BD-Ⅱ)的临床管理进行了系统回顾并给予治疗推荐,同时针对特殊人群也有相关推荐,如处于各个生殖
文摘Detection of circulating tumor-specific DNA, RNA or proteins can be difficult due to relative scarcity. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles, 30 - 150 nm in diameter derived from fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. They are composed of a lipid bilayer membrane and contain proteins, mRNA and miRNA. Exosomes are secreted by multiple cell types, including cancer cells. However, there is a relative lack of information concerning the contents of exosomes secreted by various tumor cell types. To examine exosomes in cancer, we collected blood plasma samples from patients with breast, ovarian, prostate, hepatic, gastric, colon, and pancreatic cancers. Exosomes were isolated from plasma and confirmed by AchE assay, transmission electron microscopy and expression of the CD63 exosomal marker. Expression of AFP, CA724, CA153, CEA, CA125, CA199 and PSA antigens were determined using an automated electro-chemiluminescence assay. Expression of the tumor-related chaperone protein, mortalin, was determined by Western blot analysis. Levels of exosome secretion were variable among the different tumor types. Both exosome levels and mortalin expression within tumor cell exosomes were higher than in healthy donors, except in pancreatic carcinoma, where exosomes were elevated but mortalin expression was not significantly different from healthy donors. Exosomes provide unique opportunities for the enrichment of tumor-specific materials and may be useful as biomarkers and possibly as tools of cancer therapies. Mortalin, which has been linked to cell proliferation and induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition of cancer cells, may be useful as a prognostic biomarker and as a possible therapeutic target.
文摘Leakage currents accelerate surface degradation of metal contacts via small scale arcing across lubricating films,but recent observations suggest that metallic nanoparticle additives in lubricants may be useful to improve contact performance.These findings prompted a study that examined electrically induced surface pitting of steel contacts in the presence of several lubricating greases including some containing nanometer-sized colloidal silver(Ag)particles.Reciprocating rolling sphere-on-disk experiments were conducted under electro-tribological loads employing polyurea greases derived from mineral and synthetic base oils with and without additives.Friction forces and electrical resistance were monitored continuously during the tests;surface changes were characterized by means of optical spectroscopy,stylus profilometry,and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)including compositional analysis using energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS).The observations demonstrate that surface pitting induced by arcing occurs mainly at the points were the rolling motion changes direction and that eroded metal is deposited along the wear grove.Micron-sized pits are formed which contain carbon and oxygen indicating that arcing causes decomposition of the hydrocarbon lubricants.Numerous findings indicate a significant inhibition of pitting is induced by the Ag nanoparticles;some greases containing other additives exhibit a similar,although less pronounced,effect.
基金conducted within the context of the international DECOVALEX Projectthe Funding Organizations who supported the workthe EC project NF-PRO (Contract number FI6W-CT-2003-02389) under the coor-dination of ENRESA (Empresa Nacional de Residuos Radiactivos)
文摘In this paper, a modelling benchmark exercise from the DECOVALEX-2011 project is presented. The bench- mark is based on the performance and results of a laboratory drying test and of the ventilation experiment （VE） carried out in the Mont Terri Underground Rock Laboratory （URL）. Both tests involve Opalinus clay. The work aims at the identification, understanding and quantification of mechanisms taking place during the ventilation of a gallery in argillaceous host rocks on one hand and at investigating the capacity of different codes and individuals to reproduce these processes on the other hand. The 4-year in situ VE took place in a 1.3 m diameter unlined tunnel and included two resaturation-desaturation cycles. The test area was equipped with over one hundred sensors （including the global water mass balance of the system, relative humidity （RH）, water content, liquid pressure, relative displacement and concentration of some chemical species） to monitor the rock behaviour during ventilation. The laboratory drying experiment, carried out before the VE, was designed to mimic the in situ conditions. The work was organized in a progressive manner in terms of complexity of the computations to be performed, geared towards the full hydro-mechano-chemical （HMC） understanding of the VE, the final objective. The main results from the modelling work reported herein are that the response of the host rock to ventilation in argillaceous rocks is mainly governed by hydraulic processes （advective Darcy flow and non-advective vapour diffu- sion） and that the hydro-mechanical （TM） back coupling is weak. A ventilation experiment may thus be regarded as a large scale-long time pump test and it is used to determine the hydraulic conductivity of the rock mass.
文摘Some basic physics of burgeoning quantum neuroscience is described. Anatomy of the neuron suggests that nonsynaptic mechanisms of signal transmittance occur via electric current acceleration and companion electromagnetic field fluctuation. I have named this mechanism of solution chemistry the ebb effect. Phase-locking between neural structure and electric fields that are emergent from cellular EM field fluctuations, in addition to feedback loops within neural networks, are the probable driver of macroscopic oscillation and flow shapes in the brain. CEMI (conscious electromagnetic information) theory is a promising framework for explaining intentionality and the spectrum of arousal as EM field effects. Relatively low frequency electromagnetic radiation is emitted by the accelerating electric currents of neurons. It is hypothesized that this EM radiation superpositions with molecular structure as it spreads to comprise percepts, the hybrid wavelengths of which form subjective images while wavelength vibrations result in subjective feel. These superposition arrays are termed a coherence field, and in combination with the synchronizing influence of quantum entanglement and electromagnetic fluctuations may constitute much of awareness’ substance. If conclusively verified, coherence field theory should have significance ranging from the treatment of perceptual disorders such as anosognosia to advancing foundational constructs like atomic theory.
基金conducted within thecontext of the international DECOVALEX Project (DEmonstrationof COupled models and their VALidation against EXperiments)Quintessa Ltd. and University of Edinburgh were supported by the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA), UK+2 种基金CEA was supported by Institut de Radioprotection et de S retéNucléaire (IRSN)The Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) and the Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS) funded DECOVALEX and participated in the workthe framework of the EC project NF-PRO(Contract number FI6W-CT-2003-02389) under the coordination of ENRESA (Empresa Nacional de Residuos Radiactivos)
文摘At Mont Terri Underground Research Laboratory （URL） Switzerland, a specific experiment has been per- formed in a tunnel, in order to investigate the hydro-mechano-chemical （HMC） perturbations induced in the argillaceous formation by forced ventilation. This experiment has been selected in the international project DECOVALEX to be used for process model development and validation. The numerical simula- tion of the geochemical response to the ventilation experiment （VE） is the object of the present paper, focusing on the transport of chloride as a conservative species and sulphate as a reactive species. Uti- lising the validated hydro-mechanical （HM） results from earlier steps of the DECOVALEX task, reactive and non-reactive transport models, incorporating the current understanding of the geochemistry at the site, were successfully constructed for the whole experimental period. The associated parametric and process uncertainty analyses clearly demonstrate that the basic HM understanding must be sound. How- ever, to demonstrate this degree of robustness, the explicit inclusion of process representations of water desaturation, liquid vaporisation, species exclusion porosity, and redox processes, is required.
基金the context of the international DECOVALEX Project (DEmonstration of Coupled models and their VALidation against EXperiments)Quintessa Ltd. and University of Edinburgh were supported by the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA), UK+2 种基金CEA was supported by Institut de Radioprotection et de Sreté Nucléaire(IRSN)The Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) and the Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)funded DECOVALEX and participated in the workEC project NF-PRO (Contract number FI6W-CT-2003-02389) under the coordination of ENRESA (Empresa Nacional de Residuos Radiactivos)
文摘In order to investigate the hydro-mechanical （HM） and chemical perturbations induced in an argillaceous formation by forced ventilation during the operational period of a nuclear waste repository, a specific experiment has been performed in a tunnel, at Mont Terri Underground Research Laboratory （URL） in Switzerland. This experiment has been selected in the international project DECOVALEX for model vali- dation and the numerical simulation of this ventilation experiment （VE） is the object of the present paper. Since the argillaceous rock exhibits anisotropic properties, particular attention is given to the evaluation of the effects of various anisotropic features on the predicted results. In situ measurements such as relative humidity （RH）, global water mass extracted, pore water pressure, water content, and relative displace- ments are compared to predictions using both isotropic and anisotropic parameters. Water permeability anisotropy is shown to be the most influencing parameter by far, whereas in situ stress anisotropy has an effect only during the excavation phase. The anisotropy for mechanical parameterization has also some influence, in particular through HM couplings. These HM couplings have the potential to be very significant in terms of providing confidence in describing the experimental observation, and should be considered for further investigation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants No. 41730320 and No. 41572001)the 111 project (B08030)
文摘Microbialites, often considered as a signal of extreme marine environment, are common in the Lower Triassic strata of South China where they flourished in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction. Early Triassic microbialite facies are known to vary palaeogeographically, perhaps due to differing climates, ocean chemistry, and water depths. This paper provides the first record of a brief, but spectacular development of microbialites in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction at Panjiazhuang section, Changxing Region of Zhejiang Province (eastern South China). Here, the Upper Permian Changxing Formation comprises typical shallow platform facies rich in calcareous algae and foraminifera, the development of which was terminated by the major end-Permian regression. A 3.4-m-thick microbialite began to form at the onset of the transgression in the earliest Triassic. The microbialite at Panjiazhuang section is composed of thrombolite that contains abundant calcified cyanobacteria, small gastropods, microconchid tubes and ostracods, representing a low-diversity shallow marine community in the aftermath of the end-Permian crisis. The microbialites are succeeded by thin-bedded micrites bearing thin-shelled bivalves, which record a rapid sea-level rise in the Early Triassic. Abundant populations of small pyrite framboids are observed in the upper part of the microbialites and the overlying thin-bedded micrites, suggesting that dysoxic water conditions developed at that time. The appearance of microbialites near the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) at Panjiazhuang section was the result of peculiar marine conditions following the end-Permian regression, whilst their disappearance was due to the increasing water depth and the development of dysoxia.
文摘AIM： TO study if T-cell activation related to portasystemic shunting causes osteoclast-mediated bone loss through RANKL-dependent pathways. We also investigated if T-cell inhibition using rapamycin would protect against bone loss in rats. METHODS： Portasystemic shunting was performed in male Sprague-Dawley rats and rapamycin 0.1 mg/kg was administered for 15 wk by gavage. Rats received powderized chow and supplemental feeds to prevent the effects of malnutrition on bone composition. Weight gain and growth was restored after surgery in shunted animals. At termination, biochemical parameters of bone turnover and quantitative bone histology were assessed. Markers of T-cell activation, inflammatory cytokine production, and RANKL-dependent pathways were measured. In addition, the roles of IGF-1 and hypogonadism were investigated. RESULTS： Portasystemic shunting caused low turnover osteoporosis that was RANKL independent. Bone resorbing cytokine levels, including IL-1, IL-6 and TNFα, were not increased in serum and TNFα and RANKL expression were not upregulated in PBMC. Portasystemic shunting increased the circulating CD8＋ T-cell population. Rapamycin decreased the circulating CD8＋ T-cell population, increased CD8＋ CD25＋ T-regulatory cell population and improved all parameters of bone turnover. CONCLUSION： Osteoporosis caused by portasystemic shunting may be partially ameliorated by rapamycin in the rat model of hepatic osteodystrophy.
文摘Neuroscience and physics have progressed far enough that the explanatory gap between models of matter and the substance of perceptual experience is tantalizingly close to being bridged, at least insofar as consciousness is produced by the brain. This paper aims to describe the basics of how signals are transmitted within neurons via electromagnetic energy fluctuations, how EM fields emergent from these energy flows manifest as the subconscious and an experience of willed agency, as well as how the quantum principles which both EM radiation and atomic structure abide combine them to form percepts from electromagnetic matter. This might be the most promising option yet for fashioning a physical paradigm that theorizes consciousness.
文摘A general definition of quantum coherence is developed from analysis of superposition, entanglement, chemical bonding behavior, and basic phenomena of classical mechanics. Various properties of atoms can be better explained if these particles are matter waves that embody a spectrum ranging from relatively coherent to decoherent states. It is demonstrated that quantum coherence so defined can comprehensively explain signal transmission in neurons and dynamics of the brain’s emergent electric field, including potential support for the claim that conscious volition is to some degree real rather than an illusion. Recent research in a physiological context suggests that electromagnetic radiation interacts with molecular structure to comprise integrated energy fields. A mechanism is proposed by which quantum coherence as accelerating electric currents in neurons may result in a broadened spectrum of electromagnetic radiation capable of interacting with molecular complexes in the brain and perhaps elsewhere in an organism to influence vibrational and structural properties. Research should investigate whether a consequent energy field is the basic perceptual substrate, with at least some additive electromagnetic wavelengths of this field involved in generating image percepts insofar as they arise from the body, and electromagnetic vibrations the signature of a more diverse phenomenon by which somewhat nondimensional features of perception such as sound, touch, taste, smell, interoceptive sensations, etc. partially arise. If examination of the brain reveals this organ to be composed of a coherence field, structured at least in part by broadened spectrums of EM radiation interacting with molecular components, this has major implications for furthering our model of the matter/mind interface and possibly physical reality in total.
文摘A new and falsifiable realist interpretation of quantum mechanics is examined in relation to the sum over histories concept, pilot wave theory and the many-worlds interpretation. This electric charge/transactional model explains how the single electron double-slit experiment produces extremely localized endpoints from diffracted wavicles, why these endpoints are scattered around the entire surface of the absorber screen, and why these points of contact result in the characteristic fringe pattern as they accumulate. Advanced waves and substantive electric charge effects in the double-slit experiment are postulated, then this hypothesis is supported by a quantitative analysis of electron emission in comparison to lightning. The wider implications if advanced waves and electric charge distribution prove to be significant factors in the double-slit experiment are discussed, including possible parallels with meteorological and neurological phenomena.
文摘A model of the way subjective experience arises in matter is proposed, beginning with a brief history of the mind/body problem and proceeding to describe how quantum physics has made modest in roads into an in-depth account. The promise quantum biology holds for developing neuroscientific theory is drawn to its logical conclusions, establishing the preliminaries of a comprehensive paradigm for explaining basic elements of perception and how they give rise to full-fledged consciousness.
文摘Adenoma detection rate(ADR) is a key component of colonoscopy quality assessment, with a direct link between itself and future mortality from colorectal cancer. There are a number of potential factors, both modifiable and non-modifiable that can impact upon ADR. As methods, understanding and technologies advance, so should our ability to improve ADRs, and thus, reduce colorectal cancer mortality. This article will review new technologies and techniques that improve ADR, both in terms of the endoscopes themselves and adjuncts to current systems. In particular it focuses on effective techniques and behaviours, developments in image enhancement, advancement in endoscope design and developments in accessories that may improve ADR. It also highlights the key role that continued medical education plays in improving the quality of colonoscopy and thus ADR. The review aims to present a balanced summary of the evidence currently available and does not propose to serve as a guideline.
基金financed by the Australian Research Council Discovery Scheme and UNSW Science Faculty Research Grants Program
文摘Polyoxometalates （POMs）, with their attractive topological and electronic properties, have been demonstrated over the last few decades to be efficient catalysts for many reactions. In a new direction, POMs having a purely inorganic framework are now being explored as efficient catalysts for water oxidation. This review focuses on very recent developments of POM-based catalysts for water oxidation to O2. In the very extensive family of POMs, tetra-core sandwich-type Ru- and Co-containing POM complexes, namely [Ru404（OH）2（H20）4（y-SiW10O36）2]10- and [CO4（H2O）2（a-PWgO34）2]10- exhibit the ability to facilitate water oxidation under electrocatalytic and/or photocatalytic conditions. However, it is concluded that much work still needs to be done to explain the catalytic mechanisms and optimize these catalytic systems. In addition, recent trends in using ionic liquids as media to modify the electrolytic environment and enhance water oxidation are highlighted.
