Photothermal deflection is widely used to study defects in materials. Both high spatial resolution and high sensitivity are required to detect them. In order to improve the theoretical model in the case of uniform hea...Photothermal deflection is widely used to study defects in materials. Both high spatial resolution and high sensitivity are required to detect them. In order to improve the theoretical model in the case of uniform heating (one dimensional heat treatment) we have chosen to heat the sample by a halogen lamp. The sample which contains a known surface and subsurface defects is first covered by a thin graphite layer and placed in air. The sample fixed on a vertical holder is able to move in the x and y directions thanks a two stepper motors. The measurement showed excellent agreement between experimental and simulation results.展开更多
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the food wastes compost (FWC) and its non-aerated fermented extract (NFCE) on seed germination and growth of tomato (<i>Solanum</i> <i>lycopersi...The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the food wastes compost (FWC) and its non-aerated fermented extract (NFCE) on seed germination and growth of tomato (<i>Solanum</i> <i>lycopersicum</i> L.), watercress (<i>Nasturtium</i> <i>officinale</i>), chili pepper (<i>Capsicum</i> <i>annuum</i>), peas (<i>Pisum</i> <i>sativum</i> L.), chickpea (<i>Cicer</i> <i>arietinum</i>) and beans (<i>Vicia</i> <i>faba</i>) under greenhouse conditions. The FWC and NFCE were physico-chemically and microbiologically characterized. The NFCE effect was evaluated on tomato, watercress, and chili pepper seeds germination and seedling growth. However, for leguminous, pea, chickpea and bean seedlings, the FWC amended soils and irrigated with NFCE were tested for plants growth. The results of FWC analyses revealed that FWC has neutral pH, low EC and C/N ratio, with fertilizing elements (N, P, K and Mg) and lack of phytotoxic effect. The NFCE was characterized by low EC and relatively high carbon content (COD = 9700 mg/l), and intense microbial activity, notably mesophilic bacteria. Therefore, in fermented compost extract, mesophilic bacteria were increased by 225, yeasts by 25 and molds by 10 times compared to those of the investigated compost. In greenhouse, the diluted NFCE increased significantly (<i>p</i>< 0.05) germination and growth of the tested seedlings. Used alone, the FWC amended soil or the NFCE irrigated soil, improved the growth of tested seedlings. The use of soil amended with compost and irrigated by fermented compost extract decreased significantly the growth of the same experimented seedlings. Therefore, the FWC and its fermented extract were a suitable substrate for germination and growth of the studied seeds.展开更多
Single crystals of the tetraethylammonium dihydrogenmonophosphate bis trihydrogenmonophosphate [CH3CH2]4N+(H2PO4)(H3PO4)2(TEP), were grown by slow evaporation solution technique at room temperature. The compound was c...Single crystals of the tetraethylammonium dihydrogenmonophosphate bis trihydrogenmonophosphate [CH3CH2]4N+(H2PO4)(H3PO4)2(TEP), were grown by slow evaporation solution technique at room temperature. The compound was characterised by IR, Raman, differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) and single crystal X-ray diffraction. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system (space group P21/c) with the following unit cell dimensions: a = 7.765 (2) , b = 16.531 (4) , c = 14.843 (2) , β = 100.99 (2)o, Z=4 , DX =1.67Mg.m-3, Dm=1.532Mg-3, λ (MoKa) = 0.71073 , u=0.384 mm-1, F(000)=991, T = 20 (2)o. The structure was solved by the direct method and refined to final R value of 0.0342 and Rw=0.107 for 3239 independent [(CH3CH2)4N]+ reflections. The structure consists of infinite parallel two-dimensional planes built of mutually , H3PO4 tetrahedra ?and cations connected by strong and hydrogen bonding. There are no contacts other than van der Waals interactions between the layers.展开更多
文摘Photothermal deflection is widely used to study defects in materials. Both high spatial resolution and high sensitivity are required to detect them. In order to improve the theoretical model in the case of uniform heating (one dimensional heat treatment) we have chosen to heat the sample by a halogen lamp. The sample which contains a known surface and subsurface defects is first covered by a thin graphite layer and placed in air. The sample fixed on a vertical holder is able to move in the x and y directions thanks a two stepper motors. The measurement showed excellent agreement between experimental and simulation results.
文摘The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the food wastes compost (FWC) and its non-aerated fermented extract (NFCE) on seed germination and growth of tomato (<i>Solanum</i> <i>lycopersicum</i> L.), watercress (<i>Nasturtium</i> <i>officinale</i>), chili pepper (<i>Capsicum</i> <i>annuum</i>), peas (<i>Pisum</i> <i>sativum</i> L.), chickpea (<i>Cicer</i> <i>arietinum</i>) and beans (<i>Vicia</i> <i>faba</i>) under greenhouse conditions. The FWC and NFCE were physico-chemically and microbiologically characterized. The NFCE effect was evaluated on tomato, watercress, and chili pepper seeds germination and seedling growth. However, for leguminous, pea, chickpea and bean seedlings, the FWC amended soils and irrigated with NFCE were tested for plants growth. The results of FWC analyses revealed that FWC has neutral pH, low EC and C/N ratio, with fertilizing elements (N, P, K and Mg) and lack of phytotoxic effect. The NFCE was characterized by low EC and relatively high carbon content (COD = 9700 mg/l), and intense microbial activity, notably mesophilic bacteria. Therefore, in fermented compost extract, mesophilic bacteria were increased by 225, yeasts by 25 and molds by 10 times compared to those of the investigated compost. In greenhouse, the diluted NFCE increased significantly (<i>p</i>< 0.05) germination and growth of the tested seedlings. Used alone, the FWC amended soil or the NFCE irrigated soil, improved the growth of tested seedlings. The use of soil amended with compost and irrigated by fermented compost extract decreased significantly the growth of the same experimented seedlings. Therefore, the FWC and its fermented extract were a suitable substrate for germination and growth of the studied seeds.
文摘Single crystals of the tetraethylammonium dihydrogenmonophosphate bis trihydrogenmonophosphate [CH3CH2]4N+(H2PO4)(H3PO4)2(TEP), were grown by slow evaporation solution technique at room temperature. The compound was characterised by IR, Raman, differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) and single crystal X-ray diffraction. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system (space group P21/c) with the following unit cell dimensions: a = 7.765 (2) , b = 16.531 (4) , c = 14.843 (2) , β = 100.99 (2)o, Z=4 , DX =1.67Mg.m-3, Dm=1.532Mg-3, λ (MoKa) = 0.71073 , u=0.384 mm-1, F(000)=991, T = 20 (2)o. The structure was solved by the direct method and refined to final R value of 0.0342 and Rw=0.107 for 3239 independent [(CH3CH2)4N]+ reflections. The structure consists of infinite parallel two-dimensional planes built of mutually , H3PO4 tetrahedra ?and cations connected by strong and hydrogen bonding. There are no contacts other than van der Waals interactions between the layers.
