为研究土地整理项目中的碳排放效应,明确土地整理的碳排放及其测算方法,分析土地整理碳减排潜力,以河北省柏乡县固城店镇土地整理项目区为研究区域,基于能源消费及土地利用变化,采用IPCC清单法,分析土地整理施工工程中包含土地平整工程...为研究土地整理项目中的碳排放效应,明确土地整理的碳排放及其测算方法,分析土地整理碳减排潜力,以河北省柏乡县固城店镇土地整理项目区为研究区域,基于能源消费及土地利用变化,采用IPCC清单法,分析土地整理施工工程中包含土地平整工程、灌溉和排水工程、田间道路工程以及农田防护工程4个方面的碳排放及区域土地利用变化导致的碳排放。结果表明:柏乡县土地整理项目能源消费导致的碳排放总量为469.77 t C,土地平整工程的碳排放比例最大,高达78.44%,田间道路工程及灌溉和排水工程分别占15.69%,5.86%。从单位投资额碳排放量和单位投资比率的碳排放比例上看,田间道路工程和灌溉与排水工程投资的生态效应优于土地平整工程。柏乡县土地整理导致的土地利用变化使得区域土壤和植被碳储量增加了748.58 t C,其中未利用土地的碳储量变化最大。土地利用结构调整后增加的碳储量是整个施工过程中的碳排放量的1.59倍。柏乡县土地整理后项目区碳储量增加了278.81 t C,表现出碳汇效应。研究结果表明,为了降低土地整理的碳排放量,应当减少土地平整工程量,提倡使用清洁型燃料,并优先考虑碳密度较低的地类作为耕地来源,并在耕种过程中减少化肥和农药施用量,提高耕地产能。展开更多
Transboundary rivers have important geopolitical and geo-economic connotations, but riparian states of transboundary rivers are often driven by their own rapid population growth and economic development to become invo...Transboundary rivers have important geopolitical and geo-economic connotations, but riparian states of transboundary rivers are often driven by their own rapid population growth and economic development to become involved in regional conflicts about the development and use of water resources. Therefore, finding a balance between the need for fair and reasonable development of water resources and the effective protection of environment from an ecological perspective has become a major problem faced by the international community. This paper begins with consideration of international water laws related to transboundary rivers and then reviews advances in the research on benefit-sharing, ecological compensation mechanisms, and adaptive management systems. We believe that existing international water laws form a complete legal system and that more attention needs to be paid to transboundary cooperation and sustainable water resource use. With respect to how transboundary water conflicts are resolved, there is a trend to move away from single water resource allocation（a zero-sum game） to benefit-sharing in order to achieve a win-win situation for riparian states, but there are still some difficulties in transboundary ecological compensation. In China, the central government has paid attention to horizontal ecological compensation between upstream and downstream, offering guidance to promote establishment of inter-province ecological compensation. Based on existing practice, horizontal ecological compensations are still in their infancy, small in scale, supported by a weak legal system, lacking market mechanisms to encourage their use and relying on fiscal transfers as the method of payment. In the future, China will need to intensify its research on legal system development, international cooperation, and benefit-sharing as these impact transboundary water resources. Because government can be seen as a management department with multiple identities（enabler, regulator and buyer）, to improve adaptive transbounda展开更多
文摘为研究土地整理项目中的碳排放效应,明确土地整理的碳排放及其测算方法,分析土地整理碳减排潜力,以河北省柏乡县固城店镇土地整理项目区为研究区域,基于能源消费及土地利用变化,采用IPCC清单法,分析土地整理施工工程中包含土地平整工程、灌溉和排水工程、田间道路工程以及农田防护工程4个方面的碳排放及区域土地利用变化导致的碳排放。结果表明:柏乡县土地整理项目能源消费导致的碳排放总量为469.77 t C,土地平整工程的碳排放比例最大,高达78.44%,田间道路工程及灌溉和排水工程分别占15.69%,5.86%。从单位投资额碳排放量和单位投资比率的碳排放比例上看,田间道路工程和灌溉与排水工程投资的生态效应优于土地平整工程。柏乡县土地整理导致的土地利用变化使得区域土壤和植被碳储量增加了748.58 t C,其中未利用土地的碳储量变化最大。土地利用结构调整后增加的碳储量是整个施工过程中的碳排放量的1.59倍。柏乡县土地整理后项目区碳储量增加了278.81 t C,表现出碳汇效应。研究结果表明,为了降低土地整理的碳排放量,应当减少土地平整工程量,提倡使用清洁型燃料,并优先考虑碳密度较低的地类作为耕地来源,并在耕种过程中减少化肥和农药施用量,提高耕地产能。
基金The Projects of National Natural Science Foundation of China(71561137002,41671177 and 41501192)National Key Basic Research and Development Plan of China(2015CB452702)National Key Research and Development Plan of China(2016YFA0602402)
文摘Transboundary rivers have important geopolitical and geo-economic connotations, but riparian states of transboundary rivers are often driven by their own rapid population growth and economic development to become involved in regional conflicts about the development and use of water resources. Therefore, finding a balance between the need for fair and reasonable development of water resources and the effective protection of environment from an ecological perspective has become a major problem faced by the international community. This paper begins with consideration of international water laws related to transboundary rivers and then reviews advances in the research on benefit-sharing, ecological compensation mechanisms, and adaptive management systems. We believe that existing international water laws form a complete legal system and that more attention needs to be paid to transboundary cooperation and sustainable water resource use. With respect to how transboundary water conflicts are resolved, there is a trend to move away from single water resource allocation（a zero-sum game） to benefit-sharing in order to achieve a win-win situation for riparian states, but there are still some difficulties in transboundary ecological compensation. In China, the central government has paid attention to horizontal ecological compensation between upstream and downstream, offering guidance to promote establishment of inter-province ecological compensation. Based on existing practice, horizontal ecological compensations are still in their infancy, small in scale, supported by a weak legal system, lacking market mechanisms to encourage their use and relying on fiscal transfers as the method of payment. In the future, China will need to intensify its research on legal system development, international cooperation, and benefit-sharing as these impact transboundary water resources. Because government can be seen as a management department with multiple identities（enabler, regulator and buyer）, to improve adaptive transbounda
