Grazing exclusion using fences is a key policy being applied by the Chinese government to rehabilitate degraded grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau(TP)and elsewhere.However,there is a limited understanding of the effect...Grazing exclusion using fences is a key policy being applied by the Chinese government to rehabilitate degraded grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau(TP)and elsewhere.However,there is a limited understanding of the effects of grazing exclusion on alpine ecosystem functions and services and its impacts on herders’livelihoods.Our meta-analyses and questionnaire-based surveys revealed that grazing exclusion with fences was effective in promoting aboveground vegetation growth for up to four years in degraded alpine meadows and for up to eight years in the alpine steppes of the TP.Longer-term fencing did not bring any ecological and economic benefits.We also found that fencing hindered wildlife movement,increased grazing pressure in unfenced areas,lowered the satisfaction of herders,and rendered substantial financial costs to both regional and national governments.We recommend that traditional free grazing should be encouraged if applicable,short-term fencing(for 4-8 years)should be adopted in severely degraded grasslands,and fencing should be avoided in key wildlife habitat areas,especially the protected large mammal species.展开更多
农家乐是新时期乡村发展的新业态,其空间分布影响区域旅游和乡村发展格局。已有研究主要基于传统调查或统计数据开展,随着互联网电子地图和大数据分析技术的发展,兴趣点(point of interest,POI)数据为农家乐空间分布研究提供了新的数据...农家乐是新时期乡村发展的新业态,其空间分布影响区域旅游和乡村发展格局。已有研究主要基于传统调查或统计数据开展,随着互联网电子地图和大数据分析技术的发展,兴趣点(point of interest,POI)数据为农家乐空间分布研究提供了新的数据支撑。基于POI抓取技术获得北京市农家乐空间分布数据,运用加权几何平均算法和多维组合特征对北京市农家乐发展模式进行类型划分,探讨不同类型农家乐空间分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明,农家乐可分为8种类型,包括资源主导型、交通主导型、市场主导型、资源—交通主导型、资源—市场主导型、交通—市场主导型、强综合型和弱综合型,不同类型农家乐的空间分布格局差异显著。资源主导型、资源—交通主导型和弱综合型农家乐呈离散状分布,且主要位于生态涵养区,交通主导型农家乐具有明显的条带状分布特征,市场主导型、资源—市场主导型和交通—市场主导型农家乐呈环状分布,主要位于城市功能拓展区和城市发展新区,强综合型农家乐主导分布在城市功能扩展区。地区生产总值、人均可支配收入和交通通达度等社会经济因素对农家乐空间分布的解释度均在0.1以上且高于自然地理因素的解释度;生态涵养区农家乐以资源主导型、交通主导型和弱综合型农家乐为主,占比达到89.89%。为此,文本从全域旅游理念出发,提出空间转型、产业转型和管理转型发展策略,以期为区域乡村旅游发展提供科学参考。展开更多
基金the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(2019QZKK0405)the Science and Technology Service Network Initiative(KFJ-STS-QYZD060)+3 种基金the State Key Research Development Program of China(2016YFC0501802,2016YFC0501803 and 2016YFC0502002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41871040 and 41501057)the Innovative Research Team of the Ministry of Education of China(IRT_17R59)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
文摘Grazing exclusion using fences is a key policy being applied by the Chinese government to rehabilitate degraded grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau(TP)and elsewhere.However,there is a limited understanding of the effects of grazing exclusion on alpine ecosystem functions and services and its impacts on herders’livelihoods.Our meta-analyses and questionnaire-based surveys revealed that grazing exclusion with fences was effective in promoting aboveground vegetation growth for up to four years in degraded alpine meadows and for up to eight years in the alpine steppes of the TP.Longer-term fencing did not bring any ecological and economic benefits.We also found that fencing hindered wildlife movement,increased grazing pressure in unfenced areas,lowered the satisfaction of herders,and rendered substantial financial costs to both regional and national governments.We recommend that traditional free grazing should be encouraged if applicable,short-term fencing(for 4-8 years)should be adopted in severely degraded grasslands,and fencing should be avoided in key wildlife habitat areas,especially the protected large mammal species.
文摘农家乐是新时期乡村发展的新业态,其空间分布影响区域旅游和乡村发展格局。已有研究主要基于传统调查或统计数据开展,随着互联网电子地图和大数据分析技术的发展,兴趣点(point of interest,POI)数据为农家乐空间分布研究提供了新的数据支撑。基于POI抓取技术获得北京市农家乐空间分布数据,运用加权几何平均算法和多维组合特征对北京市农家乐发展模式进行类型划分,探讨不同类型农家乐空间分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明,农家乐可分为8种类型,包括资源主导型、交通主导型、市场主导型、资源—交通主导型、资源—市场主导型、交通—市场主导型、强综合型和弱综合型,不同类型农家乐的空间分布格局差异显著。资源主导型、资源—交通主导型和弱综合型农家乐呈离散状分布,且主要位于生态涵养区,交通主导型农家乐具有明显的条带状分布特征,市场主导型、资源—市场主导型和交通—市场主导型农家乐呈环状分布,主要位于城市功能拓展区和城市发展新区,强综合型农家乐主导分布在城市功能扩展区。地区生产总值、人均可支配收入和交通通达度等社会经济因素对农家乐空间分布的解释度均在0.1以上且高于自然地理因素的解释度;生态涵养区农家乐以资源主导型、交通主导型和弱综合型农家乐为主,占比达到89.89%。为此,文本从全域旅游理念出发,提出空间转型、产业转型和管理转型发展策略,以期为区域乡村旅游发展提供科学参考。
