Altered metabolism is a hallmark of cancer,and the reprogramming of energy metabolism has historically been considered a general phenomenon of tumors.It is well recognized that long noncoding RNAs(lncRNAs)regulate ene...Altered metabolism is a hallmark of cancer,and the reprogramming of energy metabolism has historically been considered a general phenomenon of tumors.It is well recognized that long noncoding RNAs(lncRNAs)regulate energy metabolism in cancer.However,lncRNA-mediated posttranslational modifications and metabolic reprogramming are unclear at present.In this review,we summarized the current understanding of the interactions between the alterations in cancer-associated energy metabolism and the lncRNA-mediated posttranslational modifications of metabolic enzymes,transcription factors,and other proteins involved in metabolic pathways.In addition,we discuss the mechanisms through which these interactions contribute to tumor initiation and progression,and the key roles and clinical significance of functional lncRNAs.We believe that an in-depth understanding of lncRNA-mediated cancer metabolic reprogramming can help to identify cellular vulnerabilities that can be exploited for cancer diagnosis and therapy.展开更多
Advances in genomics technology over recent years have led to the surprising discovery that the genome is far more pervasively transcribed than was previously appreciated. Much of the newly-discovered transcriptome ap...Advances in genomics technology over recent years have led to the surprising discovery that the genome is far more pervasively transcribed than was previously appreciated. Much of the newly-discovered transcriptome appears to represent long non-coding RNA （lncRNA）, a heteroge- neous group of largely uncharacterised transcripts. Understanding the biological function of these molecules represents a major challenge and in this review we discuss some of the progress made to date. One major theme of lncRNA biology seems to be the existence of a network of interactions with microRNA （miRNA） pathways, lncRNA has been shown to act as both a source and an inhi- bitory regulator of miRNA. At the transcriptional level, a model is emerging whereby lncRNA bridges DNA and protein by binding to chromatin and serving as a scaffold for modifying protein complexes. Such a mechanism can bridge promoters to enhancers or enhancer-like non-coding genes by regulating chromatin looping, as well as conferring specificity on histone modifying com- plexes by directing them to specific loci.展开更多
Long non-coding RNAs （lncRNAs） refer to a group of RNAs that are usually more than 200 nucleotides and are not involved in protein generation. Instead, lncRNAs are involved in different regulatory processes, such as...Long non-coding RNAs （lncRNAs） refer to a group of RNAs that are usually more than 200 nucleotides and are not involved in protein generation. Instead, lncRNAs are involved in different regulatory processes, such as regulation of gene expression. Different lncRNAs exist throughout the genome. LncRNAs are also known for their roles in different human diseases such as cancer. HOTAIR is an lncRNA that plays a role as an oncogenic molecule in different cancer ceils, such as breast, gastric, colorectal, and cervical cancer cells. Therefore, HOTAIR expression level is a potential biomarker for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in several cancers. This RNA takes part in epigenetic regulation of genes and plays an important role in different cellular pathways by interacting with Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 （PRC2）. In this review, we describe the molecular function and regulation of HOTAIR and its role in different types of cancers.展开更多
为了评估中国钢铁行业CO2减排潜力,利用长期能源替代规划系统(long range energy a lternatives p lann ingsystem,LEAP)软件建立了LEAPCh ina模型。用该模型模拟了3个不同情景下中国钢铁行业2000—2030年CO2排放量及相应的减排潜力。...为了评估中国钢铁行业CO2减排潜力,利用长期能源替代规划系统(long range energy a lternatives p lann ingsystem,LEAP)软件建立了LEAPCh ina模型。用该模型模拟了3个不同情景下中国钢铁行业2000—2030年CO2排放量及相应的减排潜力。根据减排成本评估其可行性并识别重点减排技术。模拟结果表明,相对基准情景,当前政策情景和新政策情景下的年均CO2减排量分别为0.51亿t和1.07亿t,所需要的总的额外资金投入分别为93.4亿美元和809.49亿美元。因此,钢铁行业具有一定的CO2减排潜力,实现减排主要通过行业结构调整和技术进步。如果目前制定的政策措施得到有效实施,那么可以以较低的成本实现减排;但是进一步的减排受制于高昂的成本。展开更多
Recurrent neural networks （RNN） have been very successful in handling sequence data. However, understanding RNN and finding the best practices for RNN learning is a difficult task, partly because there are many comp...Recurrent neural networks （RNN） have been very successful in handling sequence data. However, understanding RNN and finding the best practices for RNN learning is a difficult task, partly because there are many competing and complex hidden units, such as the long short-term memory （LSTM） and the gated recurrent unit （GRU）. We propose a gated unit for RNN, named as minimal gated unit （MCU）, since it only contains one gate, which is a minimal design among all gated hidden units. The design of MCU benefits from evaluation results on LSTM and GRU in the literature. Experiments on various sequence data show that MCU has comparable accuracy with GRU, but has a simpler structure, fewer parameters, and faster training. Hence, MGU is suitable in RNN＇s applications. Its simple architecture also means that it is easier to evaluate and tune, and in principle it is easier to study MGU＇s properties theoretically and empirically.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the expression patterns of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in gastric cancer. METHODS: Two publicly available human exon arrays for gastric cancer and data for the corresponding normal tissue were d...AIM: To investigate the expression patterns of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in gastric cancer. METHODS: Two publicly available human exon arrays for gastric cancer and data for the corresponding normal tissue were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). We re-annotated the probes of the human exon arrays and retained the probes uniquely mapping to lncRNAs at the gene level. LncRNA expression profiles were generated by using robust multi-array average method in affymetrix power tools. The normalized data were then analyzed with a Bioconductor package linear models for microarray data and genes with adjusted P -values below 0.01 were considered differentially expressed. An independent data set was used to validate the results. RESULTS: With the computational pipeline established to re-annotate over 6.5 million probes of the Affymetrix Human Exon 1.0 ST array, we identified 136053 probes uniquely mapping to lncRNAs at the gene level. These probes correspond to 9294 lncRNAs, covering nearly 76% of the GENCODE lncRNA data set. By analyzing GSE27342 consisting of 80 paired gastric cancer and normal adjacent tissue samples, we identified 88 lncRNAs that were differentially expressed in gastric cancer, some of which have been reported to play a role in cancer, such as LINC00152, taurine upregulated 1, urothelial cancer associated 1, Pvt1 oncogene, small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 and LINC00261. In the validation data set GSE33335, 59% of these differentially expressed lncRNAs showed significant expression changes (adjusted P -value < 0.01) with the same direction. CONCLUSION: We identified a set of lncRNAs differentially expressed in gastric cancer, providing useful information for discovery of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets in gastric cancer.展开更多
Thermal barrier coatings(TBCs)can effectively protect the alloy substrate of hot components in aeroengines or land-based gas turbines by the thermal insulation and corrosion/erosion resistance of the ceramic top coat....Thermal barrier coatings(TBCs)can effectively protect the alloy substrate of hot components in aeroengines or land-based gas turbines by the thermal insulation and corrosion/erosion resistance of the ceramic top coat.However,the continuous pursuit of a higher operating temperature leads to degradation,delamination,and premature failure of the top coat.Both new ceramic materials and new coating structures must be developed to meet the demand for future advanced TBC systems.In this paper,the latest progress of some new ceramic materials is first reviewed.Then,a comprehensive spalling mechanism of the ceramic top coat is summarized to understand the dependence of lifetime on various factors such as oxidation scale growth,ceramic sintering,erosion,and calcium–magnesium–aluminium–silicate(CMAS)molten salt corrosion.Finally,new structural design methods for high-performance TBCs are discussed from the perspectives of lamellar,columnar,and nanostructure inclusions.The latest developments of ceramic top coat will be presented in terms of material selection,structural design,and failure mechanism,and the comprehensive guidance will be provided for the development of next-generation advanced TBCs with higher temperature resistance,better thermal insulation,and longer lifetime.展开更多
Objective： To identify differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs （lncRNAs） involved in the metastasis of epithelial ovarian cancer. Methods： An in vitro invasion assay was performed to validate the invasive ca...Objective： To identify differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs （lncRNAs） involved in the metastasis of epithelial ovarian cancer. Methods： An in vitro invasion assay was performed to validate the invasive capability of SKOV3 and SKOV3.ip1 cell lines. Total R.NA was then extracted, and microarray analysis was performed. Moreover, nine lncRNAs were selected for validation using RT-qPCR. Results： Compared with the SKOV3 cells, the SKOV3.ip1 cells significantly improved in the in vitro invasive activity. Of the 4,956 lncRNAs detected in the microarra~ 583 and 578 lncRNAs were upregulated and downregulated, respectivel~ in SKOV3.ip1 cells, compared with the parental SKOV3 cells. Seven of the analyzed lncRNAs （MALAT1, H19, UCA1, CCAT1, LOC645249, LOC100128881, and LOC100292680） confirmed the deregulation found by microarray analysis. Conclusion： LncRNAs clusters were differentially expressed in ovarian cancer cells with varying metastatic potentials. This result indicates that some lncRNAs might exert a partial or key role in epithelial ovarian cancer metastasis. Further studies should be conducted to determine the roles of these lncRNAs in ovarian cancer metastasis.展开更多
For the first time on the Chinese mainland, long-range wide-angle seismic reflection/refraction profiling technology has been applied to seismic wave phases from different depths and with different attributes within t...For the first time on the Chinese mainland, long-range wide-angle seismic reflection/refraction profiling technology has been applied to seismic wave phases from different depths and with different attributes within the various blocks of the North China Craton to characterize the structure of the crust and upper mantle lithosphere. By comparative analysis of the seismic wave phase characteristics in each block across a 1500-km-long east-west profile, we have identified conventional Pg, Pci, PmP and Pn phases in the crust, made a clear contrast between PL1 and PL2 waves belonging to two groups of lithospheric-scale phases, and produced a model of crust-mantle velocity structures and tectonic characteristics after one- and two-dimensional calcula- tions and processing. The results show that the thickness of the crust and lithosphere gradually deepens from east to west along the profile. However, at the reflection/refraction interface, seismic waves in each group show obvious localized changes in each block. Also, the depth to the crystalline basement changes greatly, from as much as 7.8 km in the North China fault basin to only about 2 km beneath the Jiaodong Peninsula and Taihang-Ltlliang area. The Moho morphology as a whole ranges from shallow in the east to deep in the west, with the deepest point in the Ordos Block at 47 km; in contrast, the North China Plain Block is uplifting. The L1 interface of the lithosphere is observed only to the west of Taihang Mountains, at a relatively slowly changing depth of about 80 km. The L2 interface varies from 75 to 160 km and shows a sharp deepening to the west of Tai- hang Mountains, forming a mutation belt.展开更多
Based on the observational data of an internal soliton in the northern South China Sea (SCS) on June 14, 1998, the possible source of the internal soliton is analyzed, and some of its characteristic parameters such as...Based on the observational data of an internal soliton in the northern South China Sea (SCS) on June 14, 1998, the possible source of the internal soliton is analyzed, and some of its characteristic parameters such as phase speed, wave length, etc. are computed. Based on the analyses of the vertical modes of the internal wave, the characteristics of the wave-induced current during the propagation of the internal soliton are studied. A regularized long wave (RLW) equation numerical model considering effects of multi-fac-tors is employed, and the observed environmental parame-ters are used as the initial conditions to simulate the propa-gation and evolution of the internal soliton in the continental shelf of the northern SCS.展开更多
Long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs)are members of the non-protein coding RNA family longer than 200 nucleotides.They participate in the regulation of gene and protein expression influencing apoptosis,cell proliferation and ...Long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs)are members of the non-protein coding RNA family longer than 200 nucleotides.They participate in the regulation of gene and protein expression influencing apoptosis,cell proliferation and immune responses,thereby playing a critical role in the development and progression of various cancers,including colorectal cancer(CRC).As CRC is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies worldwide with high mortality,its screening and early detection are crucial,so the identification of disease-specific biomarkers is necessary.LncRNAs are promising candidates as they are involved in carcinogenesis,and certain lncRNAs(e.g.,CCAT1,CRNDE,CRCAL1-4)show altered expression in adenomas,making them potential early diagnostic markers.In addition to being useful as tissue-specific markers,analysis of circulating lncRNAs(e.g.,CCAT1,CCAT2,BLACAT1,CRNDE,NEAT1,UCA1)in peripheral blood offers the possibility to establish minimally invasive,liquid biopsy-based diagnostic tests.This review article aims to describe the origin,structure,and functions of lncRNAs and to discuss their contribution to CRC development.Moreover,our purpose is to summarise lncRNAs showing altered expression levels during tumor formation in both colon tissue and plasma/serum samples and to demonstrate their clinical implications as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for CRC.展开更多
Liver fibrosis continues to be a major health problem worldwide due to lack of effective therapy.If the etiology cannot be eliminated,liver fibrosis progresses to cirrhosis and eventually to liver failure or malignanc...Liver fibrosis continues to be a major health problem worldwide due to lack of effective therapy.If the etiology cannot be eliminated,liver fibrosis progresses to cirrhosis and eventually to liver failure or malignancy;both are associated with a fatal outcome.Liver transplantation,the only curative therapy,is still mostly unavailable.Liver fibrosis was shown to be a reversible process;however,complete reversibility remains debatable.Recently,the molecular markers of liver fibrosis were shown to be transmitted across generations.Epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation,histone posttranslational modifications and noncoding RNA have emerged as major determinants of gene expression during liver fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis.Furthermore,epigenetic mechanisms have been shown to be transmitted through mitosis and meiosis to daughter cells and subsequent generations.However,the exact epigenetic regulation of complete liver fibrosis resolution and inheritance has not been fully elucidated.This communication will highlight the recent advances in the search for delineating the mechanisms governing resolution of liver fibrosis and the potential for multigenerational and transgenerational transmission of fibrosis markers.The fact that epigenetic changes,unlike genetic mutations,are reversible and can be modulated pharmacologically underscores the unique opportunity to develop effective therapy to completely reverse liver fibrosis,to prevent the development of malignancy and to regulate heritability of fibrosis phenotype.展开更多
Background Patients with end-stage renal disease have a high mortality from coronary artery disease, but the impact of moderate renal insufficiency on clinical outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI）...Background Patients with end-stage renal disease have a high mortality from coronary artery disease, but the impact of moderate renal insufficiency on clinical outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI） and the effect of drug-eluting stent implantation in these patients remain unclear. This study determined the long-term effect of moderate renal insufficiency on death and major adverse cardiac events （MACE） after stent based PCI and examined whether drug-eluting stent implantation could favourably influence clinical outcome. Methods Major adverse cardiac events and causes of mortality were determined for 1012 patients undergoing percutaneous intervention from January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2004 at Shanghai Ruijin Hospital. Based on estimated creatinine clearance levels, long term outcomes were compared between patients with estimated creatinine clearance 〈60 ml/min （renal insufficiency group; n=410） and those with estimated creatinine clearance ≥60 ml/min （control group; n=602）. Subgroup analysis was also made for patients with renal insufficiency between drug eluting stent （n=264） and bare metal stent implantation （n=146） during PCI. Results During follow-up （average 17 months） after successful PCI, all causes of death （7.1% vs 2.3%, P〈0.01） and cardiac death （3.4% vs 1.0%, all P〈0.01） were significantly higher in renal insufficiency group than in control group. For patients with moderate renal insufficiency, drug-eluting stent implantation reduced significantly all causes of death （5.3% vs 10.9%, P〈0.05） and occurrence of major cardiac adverse events （15.1% vs 24.6%, P〈0.05） compared with bare metal stents. Conclusions Moderate renal insufficiency is an important clinical factor influencing the mortality after PCI in patients with coronary artery disease and the use of drug-eluting stents should be the preferred therapy for the improvement of long-term outcomes in such patients.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the long-term survival and prognostic factors in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation (RFA) as a first-line treatment.METHODS: From 2000 to 2013, 316 consecuti...AIM: To investigate the long-term survival and prognostic factors in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation (RFA) as a first-line treatment.METHODS: From 2000 to 2013, 316 consecutive patients with 404 HCC (1.0-5.0 cm; mean: 3.2 ± 1.1 cm) underwent ultrasonography-guided percutaneous RFA as a first-line treatment. There were 250 males and 66 females with an average age of 60.1 ± 10.8 years (24-87 years). Patients were followed for 1 year to > 10 years after RFA (234, 181, 136, and 71 for 3, 5, 7, and 10 years, respectively). Overall local response rates and long-term survival rates were assessed. Survival results were generated using Kaplan-Meier estimates, and multivariate analysis was performed using the Cox regression model.RESULTS: In total, 548 RFA sessions were performed and major complications occurred in 10 sessions (1.8%). Local tumor progression and/or new tumor development were observed in 43.3% (132/305) of the patients during the follow-up period. Overall 5- and 10-year survival rates were 49.7% and 28.4%, respectively. Based on multivariate analysis, three factors were identified as independent prognostic factors for overall survival: Child-Pugh classification (HR = 4.054, P < 0.001), portal vein hypertension (HR = 2.743, P = 0.002), and tumor number (HR = 2.693, P = 0.003). The local progression-free 5- and 10-year survival rates were 42.7% and 19.5%. In addition to the Child-Pugh classification and the number of tumors, the number of RFA sessions (HR = 1.550, P = 0.002) was associated with local progression-free survival.CONCLUSION: RFA can achieve acceptable outcomes for HCC patients as a first-line treatment, especially for patients with Child-Pugh class A, patients with a single tumor and patients without portal vein hypertension.展开更多
Bioinformatics methods for various RNA-seq data analyses are in fast evolution with the improvement of sequencing technologies. However, many challenges still exist in how to efficiently process the RNA-seq data to ob...Bioinformatics methods for various RNA-seq data analyses are in fast evolution with the improvement of sequencing technologies. However, many challenges still exist in how to efficiently process the RNA-seq data to obtain accurate and comprehensive results. Here we reviewed the strategies for improving diverse transcriptomic studies and the annotation of genetic variants based on RNA-seq data. Mapping RNA-seq reads to the genome and transcriptome represent two distinct methods for quantifying the expression of genes/transcripts. Besides the known genes annotated in current databases, many novel genes/transcripts(especially those long noncoding RNAs) still can be identified on the reference genome using RNA-seq. Moreover, owing to the incompleteness of current reference genomes, some novel genes are missing from them. Genome-guided and de novo transcriptome reconstruction are two effective and complementary strategies for identifying those novel genes/transcripts on or beyond the reference genome. In addition, integrating the genes of distinct databases to conduct transcriptomics and genetics studies can improve the results of corresponding analyses.展开更多
Over 17 and 160 types of chemical modifications have been identified in DNA and RNA,respectively.The interest in understanding the various biological functions of DNA and RNA modifications has lead to the cutting-edge...Over 17 and 160 types of chemical modifications have been identified in DNA and RNA,respectively.The interest in understanding the various biological functions of DNA and RNA modifications has lead to the cutting-edged fields of epigenomics and epitranscriptomics.Developing chemical and biological tools to detect specific modifications in the genome or transcriptome has greatly facilitated their study.Here,we review the recent technological advances in this rapidly evolving field.We focus on high-throughput detection methods and biological findings for these modifications,and discuss questions to be addressed as well.We also summarize third-generation sequencing methods,which enable long-read and single-molecule sequencing of DNA and RNA modification.展开更多
Gastric cancer(GC) is the fourth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Micro RNAs(mi RNAs) and long non-coding RNAs(lnc RNAs) are the most popular non-coding RNAs in cancer rese...Gastric cancer(GC) is the fourth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Micro RNAs(mi RNAs) and long non-coding RNAs(lnc RNAs) are the most popular non-coding RNAs in cancer research. To date,the roles of mi RNAs and lnc RNAs have been extensively studied in GC,suggesting that mi RNAs and lnc RNAs represent a vital component of tumor biology. Furthermore,circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs are found to be dysregulated in patients with GC compared with healthy individuals. Circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs may function as promising biomarkers to improve the early detection of GC. Multiple possibilities for mi RNA secretion have been elucidated,including active secretion by microvesicles,exosomes,apoptotic bodies,highdensity lipoproteins and protein complexes as well as passive leakage from cells. However,the mechanism underlying lnc RNA secretion and the functions of circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs have not been fully illuminated. Concurrently,to standardize results of global investigations of circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs biomarker studies,several recommendations for preanalytic considerations are put forward. In this review,we summarize the known circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs for GC diagnosis. The possible mechanism of mi RNA and lnc RNA secretion as well as methodologies for identification of circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs are also discussed. The topics covered here highlight new insights into GC diagnosis and screening.展开更多
Noncoding RNAs(nc RNAs) have attracted much attention in cancer research field. They are involved in cellular development, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The dysregulation of nc RNAs has been reported i...Noncoding RNAs(nc RNAs) have attracted much attention in cancer research field. They are involved in cellular development, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The dysregulation of nc RNAs has been reported in tumor initiation, progression, invasion and metastasis in various cancers, including gastric cancer(GC). In the past few years, an accumulating body of evidence has deepened our understanding of nc RNAs, and several emerging nc RNAs have been identified, such as PIWI-interacting RNAs(pi RNAs) and circular RNAs(circ RNAs). The competing endogenous RNA(ce RNA) networks include m RNAs, micro RNAs, long nc RNAs(lnc RNAs) and circ RNAs, which play critical roles in the tumorigenesis of GC. This review summarizes the recent hotspots of nc RNAs involved in GC pathobiology and their potential applications in GC. Finally, we briefly discuss the advances in the ce RNA network in GC.展开更多
基金This study was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFC1313304 and 2018YFC1313300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82073112,82022052 and 81871951).
文摘Altered metabolism is a hallmark of cancer,and the reprogramming of energy metabolism has historically been considered a general phenomenon of tumors.It is well recognized that long noncoding RNAs(lncRNAs)regulate energy metabolism in cancer.However,lncRNA-mediated posttranslational modifications and metabolic reprogramming are unclear at present.In this review,we summarized the current understanding of the interactions between the alterations in cancer-associated energy metabolism and the lncRNA-mediated posttranslational modifications of metabolic enzymes,transcription factors,and other proteins involved in metabolic pathways.In addition,we discuss the mechanisms through which these interactions contribute to tumor initiation and progression,and the key roles and clinical significance of functional lncRNAs.We believe that an in-depth understanding of lncRNA-mediated cancer metabolic reprogramming can help to identify cellular vulnerabilities that can be exploited for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
基金provided by the British Heart Foundation,UK(Grant No.CH/15/1/31199)
文摘Advances in genomics technology over recent years have led to the surprising discovery that the genome is far more pervasively transcribed than was previously appreciated. Much of the newly-discovered transcriptome appears to represent long non-coding RNA （lncRNA）, a heteroge- neous group of largely uncharacterised transcripts. Understanding the biological function of these molecules represents a major challenge and in this review we discuss some of the progress made to date. One major theme of lncRNA biology seems to be the existence of a network of interactions with microRNA （miRNA） pathways, lncRNA has been shown to act as both a source and an inhi- bitory regulator of miRNA. At the transcriptional level, a model is emerging whereby lncRNA bridges DNA and protein by binding to chromatin and serving as a scaffold for modifying protein complexes. Such a mechanism can bridge promoters to enhancers or enhancer-like non-coding genes by regulating chromatin looping, as well as conferring specificity on histone modifying com- plexes by directing them to specific loci.
文摘Long non-coding RNAs （lncRNAs） refer to a group of RNAs that are usually more than 200 nucleotides and are not involved in protein generation. Instead, lncRNAs are involved in different regulatory processes, such as regulation of gene expression. Different lncRNAs exist throughout the genome. LncRNAs are also known for their roles in different human diseases such as cancer. HOTAIR is an lncRNA that plays a role as an oncogenic molecule in different cancer ceils, such as breast, gastric, colorectal, and cervical cancer cells. Therefore, HOTAIR expression level is a potential biomarker for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in several cancers. This RNA takes part in epigenetic regulation of genes and plays an important role in different cellular pathways by interacting with Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 （PRC2）. In this review, we describe the molecular function and regulation of HOTAIR and its role in different types of cancers.
文摘为了评估中国钢铁行业CO2减排潜力,利用长期能源替代规划系统(long range energy a lternatives p lann ingsystem,LEAP)软件建立了LEAPCh ina模型。用该模型模拟了3个不同情景下中国钢铁行业2000—2030年CO2排放量及相应的减排潜力。根据减排成本评估其可行性并识别重点减排技术。模拟结果表明,相对基准情景,当前政策情景和新政策情景下的年均CO2减排量分别为0.51亿t和1.07亿t,所需要的总的额外资金投入分别为93.4亿美元和809.49亿美元。因此,钢铁行业具有一定的CO2减排潜力,实现减排主要通过行业结构调整和技术进步。如果目前制定的政策措施得到有效实施,那么可以以较低的成本实现减排;但是进一步的减排受制于高昂的成本。
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61422203 and 61333014)National Key Basic Research Program of China(No.2014CB340501)
文摘Recurrent neural networks （RNN） have been very successful in handling sequence data. However, understanding RNN and finding the best practices for RNN learning is a difficult task, partly because there are many competing and complex hidden units, such as the long short-term memory （LSTM） and the gated recurrent unit （GRU）. We propose a gated unit for RNN, named as minimal gated unit （MCU）, since it only contains one gate, which is a minimal design among all gated hidden units. The design of MCU benefits from evaluation results on LSTM and GRU in the literature. Experiments on various sequence data show that MCU has comparable accuracy with GRU, but has a simpler structure, fewer parameters, and faster training. Hence, MGU is suitable in RNN＇s applications. Its simple architecture also means that it is easier to evaluate and tune, and in principle it is easier to study MGU＇s properties theoretically and empirically.
文摘AIM: To investigate the expression patterns of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in gastric cancer. METHODS: Two publicly available human exon arrays for gastric cancer and data for the corresponding normal tissue were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). We re-annotated the probes of the human exon arrays and retained the probes uniquely mapping to lncRNAs at the gene level. LncRNA expression profiles were generated by using robust multi-array average method in affymetrix power tools. The normalized data were then analyzed with a Bioconductor package linear models for microarray data and genes with adjusted P -values below 0.01 were considered differentially expressed. An independent data set was used to validate the results. RESULTS: With the computational pipeline established to re-annotate over 6.5 million probes of the Affymetrix Human Exon 1.0 ST array, we identified 136053 probes uniquely mapping to lncRNAs at the gene level. These probes correspond to 9294 lncRNAs, covering nearly 76% of the GENCODE lncRNA data set. By analyzing GSE27342 consisting of 80 paired gastric cancer and normal adjacent tissue samples, we identified 88 lncRNAs that were differentially expressed in gastric cancer, some of which have been reported to play a role in cancer, such as LINC00152, taurine upregulated 1, urothelial cancer associated 1, Pvt1 oncogene, small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 and LINC00261. In the validation data set GSE33335, 59% of these differentially expressed lncRNAs showed significant expression changes (adjusted P -value < 0.01) with the same direction. CONCLUSION: We identified a set of lncRNAs differentially expressed in gastric cancer, providing useful information for discovery of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets in gastric cancer.
文摘Thermal barrier coatings(TBCs)can effectively protect the alloy substrate of hot components in aeroengines or land-based gas turbines by the thermal insulation and corrosion/erosion resistance of the ceramic top coat.However,the continuous pursuit of a higher operating temperature leads to degradation,delamination,and premature failure of the top coat.Both new ceramic materials and new coating structures must be developed to meet the demand for future advanced TBC systems.In this paper,the latest progress of some new ceramic materials is first reviewed.Then,a comprehensive spalling mechanism of the ceramic top coat is summarized to understand the dependence of lifetime on various factors such as oxidation scale growth,ceramic sintering,erosion,and calcium–magnesium–aluminium–silicate(CMAS)molten salt corrosion.Finally,new structural design methods for high-performance TBCs are discussed from the perspectives of lamellar,columnar,and nanostructure inclusions.The latest developments of ceramic top coat will be presented in terms of material selection,structural design,and failure mechanism,and the comprehensive guidance will be provided for the development of next-generation advanced TBCs with higher temperature resistance,better thermal insulation,and longer lifetime.
文摘Objective： To identify differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs （lncRNAs） involved in the metastasis of epithelial ovarian cancer. Methods： An in vitro invasion assay was performed to validate the invasive capability of SKOV3 and SKOV3.ip1 cell lines. Total R.NA was then extracted, and microarray analysis was performed. Moreover, nine lncRNAs were selected for validation using RT-qPCR. Results： Compared with the SKOV3 cells, the SKOV3.ip1 cells significantly improved in the in vitro invasive activity. Of the 4,956 lncRNAs detected in the microarra~ 583 and 578 lncRNAs were upregulated and downregulated, respectivel~ in SKOV3.ip1 cells, compared with the parental SKOV3 cells. Seven of the analyzed lncRNAs （MALAT1, H19, UCA1, CCAT1, LOC645249, LOC100128881, and LOC100292680） confirmed the deregulation found by microarray analysis. Conclusion： LncRNAs clusters were differentially expressed in ovarian cancer cells with varying metastatic potentials. This result indicates that some lncRNAs might exert a partial or key role in epithelial ovarian cancer metastasis. Further studies should be conducted to determine the roles of these lncRNAs in ovarian cancer metastasis.
基金supported by the Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 90814012)the High-tech Project of the National Development and Reform Commission (Grant No. B08030)the Spark Program of Seismic Science and Technology
文摘For the first time on the Chinese mainland, long-range wide-angle seismic reflection/refraction profiling technology has been applied to seismic wave phases from different depths and with different attributes within the various blocks of the North China Craton to characterize the structure of the crust and upper mantle lithosphere. By comparative analysis of the seismic wave phase characteristics in each block across a 1500-km-long east-west profile, we have identified conventional Pg, Pci, PmP and Pn phases in the crust, made a clear contrast between PL1 and PL2 waves belonging to two groups of lithospheric-scale phases, and produced a model of crust-mantle velocity structures and tectonic characteristics after one- and two-dimensional calcula- tions and processing. The results show that the thickness of the crust and lithosphere gradually deepens from east to west along the profile. However, at the reflection/refraction interface, seismic waves in each group show obvious localized changes in each block. Also, the depth to the crystalline basement changes greatly, from as much as 7.8 km in the North China fault basin to only about 2 km beneath the Jiaodong Peninsula and Taihang-Ltlliang area. The Moho morphology as a whole ranges from shallow in the east to deep in the west, with the deepest point in the Ordos Block at 47 km; in contrast, the North China Plain Block is uplifting. The L1 interface of the lithosphere is observed only to the west of Taihang Mountains, at a relatively slowly changing depth of about 80 km. The L2 interface varies from 75 to 160 km and shows a sharp deepening to the west of Tai- hang Mountains, forming a mutation belt.
基金This work wassupported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40006003) the Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 990310) LOPSO, SOA.
文摘Based on the observational data of an internal soliton in the northern South China Sea (SCS) on June 14, 1998, the possible source of the internal soliton is analyzed, and some of its characteristic parameters such as phase speed, wave length, etc. are computed. Based on the analyses of the vertical modes of the internal wave, the characteristics of the wave-induced current during the propagation of the internal soliton are studied. A regularized long wave (RLW) equation numerical model considering effects of multi-fac-tors is employed, and the observed environmental parame-ters are used as the initial conditions to simulate the propa-gation and evolution of the internal soliton in the continental shelf of the northern SCS.
基金Supported by the National Research,Development and Innovation Office,No.NVKP_16-1-2016-0004
文摘Long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs)are members of the non-protein coding RNA family longer than 200 nucleotides.They participate in the regulation of gene and protein expression influencing apoptosis,cell proliferation and immune responses,thereby playing a critical role in the development and progression of various cancers,including colorectal cancer(CRC).As CRC is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies worldwide with high mortality,its screening and early detection are crucial,so the identification of disease-specific biomarkers is necessary.LncRNAs are promising candidates as they are involved in carcinogenesis,and certain lncRNAs(e.g.,CCAT1,CRNDE,CRCAL1-4)show altered expression in adenomas,making them potential early diagnostic markers.In addition to being useful as tissue-specific markers,analysis of circulating lncRNAs(e.g.,CCAT1,CCAT2,BLACAT1,CRNDE,NEAT1,UCA1)in peripheral blood offers the possibility to establish minimally invasive,liquid biopsy-based diagnostic tests.This review article aims to describe the origin,structure,and functions of lncRNAs and to discuss their contribution to CRC development.Moreover,our purpose is to summarise lncRNAs showing altered expression levels during tumor formation in both colon tissue and plasma/serum samples and to demonstrate their clinical implications as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for CRC.
基金Egyptian Science and Technology Development Fund under Project 1550
文摘Liver fibrosis continues to be a major health problem worldwide due to lack of effective therapy.If the etiology cannot be eliminated,liver fibrosis progresses to cirrhosis and eventually to liver failure or malignancy;both are associated with a fatal outcome.Liver transplantation,the only curative therapy,is still mostly unavailable.Liver fibrosis was shown to be a reversible process;however,complete reversibility remains debatable.Recently,the molecular markers of liver fibrosis were shown to be transmitted across generations.Epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation,histone posttranslational modifications and noncoding RNA have emerged as major determinants of gene expression during liver fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis.Furthermore,epigenetic mechanisms have been shown to be transmitted through mitosis and meiosis to daughter cells and subsequent generations.However,the exact epigenetic regulation of complete liver fibrosis resolution and inheritance has not been fully elucidated.This communication will highlight the recent advances in the search for delineating the mechanisms governing resolution of liver fibrosis and the potential for multigenerational and transgenerational transmission of fibrosis markers.The fact that epigenetic changes,unlike genetic mutations,are reversible and can be modulated pharmacologically underscores the unique opportunity to develop effective therapy to completely reverse liver fibrosis,to prevent the development of malignancy and to regulate heritability of fibrosis phenotype.
文摘Background Patients with end-stage renal disease have a high mortality from coronary artery disease, but the impact of moderate renal insufficiency on clinical outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI） and the effect of drug-eluting stent implantation in these patients remain unclear. This study determined the long-term effect of moderate renal insufficiency on death and major adverse cardiac events （MACE） after stent based PCI and examined whether drug-eluting stent implantation could favourably influence clinical outcome. Methods Major adverse cardiac events and causes of mortality were determined for 1012 patients undergoing percutaneous intervention from January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2004 at Shanghai Ruijin Hospital. Based on estimated creatinine clearance levels, long term outcomes were compared between patients with estimated creatinine clearance 〈60 ml/min （renal insufficiency group; n=410） and those with estimated creatinine clearance ≥60 ml/min （control group; n=602）. Subgroup analysis was also made for patients with renal insufficiency between drug eluting stent （n=264） and bare metal stent implantation （n=146） during PCI. Results During follow-up （average 17 months） after successful PCI, all causes of death （7.1% vs 2.3%, P〈0.01） and cardiac death （3.4% vs 1.0%, all P〈0.01） were significantly higher in renal insufficiency group than in control group. For patients with moderate renal insufficiency, drug-eluting stent implantation reduced significantly all causes of death （5.3% vs 10.9%, P〈0.05） and occurrence of major cardiac adverse events （15.1% vs 24.6%, P〈0.05） compared with bare metal stents. Conclusions Moderate renal insufficiency is an important clinical factor influencing the mortality after PCI in patients with coronary artery disease and the use of drug-eluting stents should be the preferred therapy for the improvement of long-term outcomes in such patients.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNo.81471768+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing MunicipalityNo.7152031the Beijing Municipal Health System Special Funds of High-Level Medical Personnel ConstructionNo.2013-3-086
文摘AIM: To investigate the long-term survival and prognostic factors in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation (RFA) as a first-line treatment.METHODS: From 2000 to 2013, 316 consecutive patients with 404 HCC (1.0-5.0 cm; mean: 3.2 ± 1.1 cm) underwent ultrasonography-guided percutaneous RFA as a first-line treatment. There were 250 males and 66 females with an average age of 60.1 ± 10.8 years (24-87 years). Patients were followed for 1 year to > 10 years after RFA (234, 181, 136, and 71 for 3, 5, 7, and 10 years, respectively). Overall local response rates and long-term survival rates were assessed. Survival results were generated using Kaplan-Meier estimates, and multivariate analysis was performed using the Cox regression model.RESULTS: In total, 548 RFA sessions were performed and major complications occurred in 10 sessions (1.8%). Local tumor progression and/or new tumor development were observed in 43.3% (132/305) of the patients during the follow-up period. Overall 5- and 10-year survival rates were 49.7% and 28.4%, respectively. Based on multivariate analysis, three factors were identified as independent prognostic factors for overall survival: Child-Pugh classification (HR = 4.054, P < 0.001), portal vein hypertension (HR = 2.743, P = 0.002), and tumor number (HR = 2.693, P = 0.003). The local progression-free 5- and 10-year survival rates were 42.7% and 19.5%. In addition to the Child-Pugh classification and the number of tumors, the number of RFA sessions (HR = 1.550, P = 0.002) was associated with local progression-free survival.CONCLUSION: RFA can achieve acceptable outcomes for HCC patients as a first-line treatment, especially for patients with Child-Pugh class A, patients with a single tumor and patients without portal vein hypertension.
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2015AA020104)the China Human Proteome Project(2014DFB30010)+1 种基金the National Science Foundation of China(31471239,to Leming Shi)the 111 Project(B13016)
文摘Bioinformatics methods for various RNA-seq data analyses are in fast evolution with the improvement of sequencing technologies. However, many challenges still exist in how to efficiently process the RNA-seq data to obtain accurate and comprehensive results. Here we reviewed the strategies for improving diverse transcriptomic studies and the annotation of genetic variants based on RNA-seq data. Mapping RNA-seq reads to the genome and transcriptome represent two distinct methods for quantifying the expression of genes/transcripts. Besides the known genes annotated in current databases, many novel genes/transcripts(especially those long noncoding RNAs) still can be identified on the reference genome using RNA-seq. Moreover, owing to the incompleteness of current reference genomes, some novel genes are missing from them. Genome-guided and de novo transcriptome reconstruction are two effective and complementary strategies for identifying those novel genes/transcripts on or beyond the reference genome. In addition, integrating the genes of distinct databases to conduct transcriptomics and genetics studies can improve the results of corresponding analyses.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31861143026 to C.Y.)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant Nos.2019YFA0110902 and 2019YFA08002501 to C.Y.)the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research(C-X.S.),Cancer Research UK(C63763/A26394 and C63763/A27122 to C-X.S.)NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre(to C-X.S.)and Emerson Collective(to C-X.S.).L-Y.Z.is supported by China Scholarship Council.The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS,the NIHR or the Department of Health.We apologize for not being able to cite all the publications related to this topic due to space constraints of the journal.
文摘Over 17 and 160 types of chemical modifications have been identified in DNA and RNA,respectively.The interest in understanding the various biological functions of DNA and RNA modifications has lead to the cutting-edged fields of epigenomics and epitranscriptomics.Developing chemical and biological tools to detect specific modifications in the genome or transcriptome has greatly facilitated their study.Here,we review the recent technological advances in this rapidly evolving field.We focus on high-throughput detection methods and biological findings for these modifications,and discuss questions to be addressed as well.We also summarize third-generation sequencing methods,which enable long-read and single-molecule sequencing of DNA and RNA modification.
文摘Gastric cancer(GC) is the fourth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Micro RNAs(mi RNAs) and long non-coding RNAs(lnc RNAs) are the most popular non-coding RNAs in cancer research. To date,the roles of mi RNAs and lnc RNAs have been extensively studied in GC,suggesting that mi RNAs and lnc RNAs represent a vital component of tumor biology. Furthermore,circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs are found to be dysregulated in patients with GC compared with healthy individuals. Circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs may function as promising biomarkers to improve the early detection of GC. Multiple possibilities for mi RNA secretion have been elucidated,including active secretion by microvesicles,exosomes,apoptotic bodies,highdensity lipoproteins and protein complexes as well as passive leakage from cells. However,the mechanism underlying lnc RNA secretion and the functions of circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs have not been fully illuminated. Concurrently,to standardize results of global investigations of circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs biomarker studies,several recommendations for preanalytic considerations are put forward. In this review,we summarize the known circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs for GC diagnosis. The possible mechanism of mi RNA and lnc RNA secretion as well as methodologies for identification of circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs are also discussed. The topics covered here highlight new insights into GC diagnosis and screening.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81472220Shanghai Science and Technology Development Fund,Domestic Science and Technology Cooperation Project,No.14495800300
文摘Noncoding RNAs(nc RNAs) have attracted much attention in cancer research field. They are involved in cellular development, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The dysregulation of nc RNAs has been reported in tumor initiation, progression, invasion and metastasis in various cancers, including gastric cancer(GC). In the past few years, an accumulating body of evidence has deepened our understanding of nc RNAs, and several emerging nc RNAs have been identified, such as PIWI-interacting RNAs(pi RNAs) and circular RNAs(circ RNAs). The competing endogenous RNA(ce RNA) networks include m RNAs, micro RNAs, long nc RNAs(lnc RNAs) and circ RNAs, which play critical roles in the tumorigenesis of GC. This review summarizes the recent hotspots of nc RNAs involved in GC pathobiology and their potential applications in GC. Finally, we briefly discuss the advances in the ce RNA network in GC.
