蘑菇商业化生产的持续成功发展有赖于蘑菇菌种商提供可靠的、高品质、高产量及其纯度和质量一致的优良菌种,并配合适当的栽培基质和生产系统,从而生产优质蘑菇供给竞争激烈的消费市场。在过去的一百年中,双孢蘑菇(Agaricus bisporus)的...蘑菇商业化生产的持续成功发展有赖于蘑菇菌种商提供可靠的、高品质、高产量及其纯度和质量一致的优良菌种,并配合适当的栽培基质和生产系统,从而生产优质蘑菇供给竞争激烈的消费市场。在过去的一百年中,双孢蘑菇(Agaricus bisporus)的产量和品质均获得了显著提升。这些提升除了菌种选育和改良外,主要是通过改进栽培技术,诸如菌种制作、堆肥处理、覆土材料、生长条件控制,以及机械播种和采收等的进步和创新得以实现。双孢蘑菇是西方国家栽培的主要菇种,也是美国和欧洲主要消费蘑菇,近年来它的栽培面积在中国迅速扩张。双孢蘑菇的全年商业化栽培始于1780年,当时法国人在地下采石场(矿坑)内栽培蘑菇。1865年,栽培拓展到英国,而后美国人利用温室架下的黑暗区域栽培。1914年美国双孢蘑菇已经实现工业化栽培,其产量超过85%集中于宾夕法尼亚州南部。美国人口普查局数据显示,1930年美国有516名栽培者,其中350名在宾州切斯特县(Chester County)。20世纪70年代,宾西法尼亚州在宾州州立大学与蘑菇产业界的长期合作下,最终获得谷粒菌种的革命性开发和推进,其研究成果大大提高了双孢蘑菇的产量,使美国的蘑菇产业在当时具备了国际竞争力。在此过程中,宾州州立大学的JAMES W. SINDEN教授是双孢蘑菇的菌种配制播种、栽培生产的早期研究先驱。谷粒菌种的制作技术系SINDEN教授发明,并在1932年和1936年获得了配制"Sinden Grain Spawn"的专利。他将专利权转移给宾州州立大学后,大学成立宾州研究公司(Pennsylvania Research Corporation)来处理大学专利事宜。"谷粒菌种"是当时全新的蘑菇栽培接种系统,为蘑菇产业带来了革命性的变化。SINDEN教授另于1948年开发出一种合成堆肥,取代了当时使用的马粪堆肥,他还发现播种时添加少量的营养素即能显著提高蘑菇产量。SI展开更多
随着在美国被称为"金州杀手"("golden state killer")的连环奸杀案嫌疑人落网,法医系谱学研究作为一种新型的侦查技术手段受到广泛关注.该技术被美国Science杂志评选为2018年十大科学突破之一.2018年4月, 72岁的美...随着在美国被称为"金州杀手"("golden state killer")的连环奸杀案嫌疑人落网,法医系谱学研究作为一种新型的侦查技术手段受到广泛关注.该技术被美国Science杂志评选为2018年十大科学突破之一.2018年4月, 72岁的美国加州前警察约瑟夫·迪安杰洛(Joseph James DeAngelo)被指控在1974~1986年期间犯下约50起强奸案和12起谋杀案,时隔30多年,警方终于将这个连环杀手缉拿归案(https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/25/us/golden-state-killer-serial.html).展开更多
We compare observed with predicted distributions of galaxy stellar masses M<sub>* </sub>and galaxy rest-frame ultra-violet luminosities per unit bandwidth L<sub>UV</sub>, in the redsh...We compare observed with predicted distributions of galaxy stellar masses M<sub>* </sub>and galaxy rest-frame ultra-violet luminosities per unit bandwidth L<sub>UV</sub>, in the redshift range z=2 to 13. The comparison is presented as a function of the comoving warm dark matter free-streaming cut-off wavenumber k<sub>fs</sub>. For this comparison the theory is a minimal extension of the Press-Schechter formalism with only two parameters: the star formation efficiency, and a proportionality factor between the star formation rate per galaxy and LUV</sub>. These two parameters are fixed to their values obtained prior to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) data. The purpose of this comparison is to identify if, and where, detailed astrophysical evolution is needed to account for the new JWST observations.展开更多
Phytochromes mainly function in photoau- totrophic organisms to adjust growth in response to fluctuating light signals. The different isoforms of plant phytochromes often display both conserved and divergent roles, pr...Phytochromes mainly function in photoau- totrophic organisms to adjust growth in response to fluctuating light signals. The different isoforms of plant phytochromes often display both conserved and divergent roles, presumably to fine-tune plant responses to environmental signals and optimize fitness. Here we describe the distinct, yet partially redundant, roles of phytochromes NaPHYA, NaPHYB1 and NaPHYB2 in a wild tobacco species, Nicotiana attenuata using RNAi-silenced phytochrome lines. Consistent with results reported from other species, silencing the expression of NaPHYA or NaPHYB2 in N. attenuata had mild or no influence on plant develop- ment as long as NaPHYBI was functional; whereas silencing the expression of NaPHYB1 alone strongly altered flowering time and leaf morphology. Thecontribution of NaPHYB2 became significant only in the absence of NaPHYB1; plants silenced for both NaPHYB1 and NaPHYB2 largely skipped the rosette- stage of growth to rapidly produce long, slender stalks that bore flowers early： hallmarks of the shade- avoidance responses. The phenotyping of phyto- chrome-silenced lines, combined with sequence and transcript accumulation independent functional analysis, suggest the diversification of the phytochromes, and a dominant role of NaPHYB1 and NaPHYB2 in N. attenuata＇s vegetative and reproductive development.展开更多
文摘蘑菇商业化生产的持续成功发展有赖于蘑菇菌种商提供可靠的、高品质、高产量及其纯度和质量一致的优良菌种,并配合适当的栽培基质和生产系统,从而生产优质蘑菇供给竞争激烈的消费市场。在过去的一百年中,双孢蘑菇(Agaricus bisporus)的产量和品质均获得了显著提升。这些提升除了菌种选育和改良外,主要是通过改进栽培技术,诸如菌种制作、堆肥处理、覆土材料、生长条件控制,以及机械播种和采收等的进步和创新得以实现。双孢蘑菇是西方国家栽培的主要菇种,也是美国和欧洲主要消费蘑菇,近年来它的栽培面积在中国迅速扩张。双孢蘑菇的全年商业化栽培始于1780年,当时法国人在地下采石场(矿坑)内栽培蘑菇。1865年,栽培拓展到英国,而后美国人利用温室架下的黑暗区域栽培。1914年美国双孢蘑菇已经实现工业化栽培,其产量超过85%集中于宾夕法尼亚州南部。美国人口普查局数据显示,1930年美国有516名栽培者,其中350名在宾州切斯特县(Chester County)。20世纪70年代,宾西法尼亚州在宾州州立大学与蘑菇产业界的长期合作下,最终获得谷粒菌种的革命性开发和推进,其研究成果大大提高了双孢蘑菇的产量,使美国的蘑菇产业在当时具备了国际竞争力。在此过程中,宾州州立大学的JAMES W. SINDEN教授是双孢蘑菇的菌种配制播种、栽培生产的早期研究先驱。谷粒菌种的制作技术系SINDEN教授发明,并在1932年和1936年获得了配制"Sinden Grain Spawn"的专利。他将专利权转移给宾州州立大学后,大学成立宾州研究公司(Pennsylvania Research Corporation)来处理大学专利事宜。"谷粒菌种"是当时全新的蘑菇栽培接种系统,为蘑菇产业带来了革命性的变化。SINDEN教授另于1948年开发出一种合成堆肥,取代了当时使用的马粪堆肥,他还发现播种时添加少量的营养素即能显著提高蘑菇产量。SI
文摘随着在美国被称为"金州杀手"("golden state killer")的连环奸杀案嫌疑人落网,法医系谱学研究作为一种新型的侦查技术手段受到广泛关注.该技术被美国Science杂志评选为2018年十大科学突破之一.2018年4月, 72岁的美国加州前警察约瑟夫·迪安杰洛(Joseph James DeAngelo)被指控在1974~1986年期间犯下约50起强奸案和12起谋杀案,时隔30多年,警方终于将这个连环杀手缉拿归案(https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/25/us/golden-state-killer-serial.html).
文摘We compare observed with predicted distributions of galaxy stellar masses M<sub>* </sub>and galaxy rest-frame ultra-violet luminosities per unit bandwidth L<sub>UV</sub>, in the redshift range z=2 to 13. The comparison is presented as a function of the comoving warm dark matter free-streaming cut-off wavenumber k<sub>fs</sub>. For this comparison the theory is a minimal extension of the Press-Schechter formalism with only two parameters: the star formation efficiency, and a proportionality factor between the star formation rate per galaxy and LUV</sub>. These two parameters are fixed to their values obtained prior to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) data. The purpose of this comparison is to identify if, and where, detailed astrophysical evolution is needed to account for the new JWST observations.
基金supported by European Research Council advanced grant Clockwork Green (293926) to ITBthe Global Research Lab program (2012055546) from the National Research Foundation of Korea+2 种基金Institute for Basic Science (IBS-R021-D1)Human Frontier Science Program (RGP0002/2012)the Max Planck Society
文摘Phytochromes mainly function in photoau- totrophic organisms to adjust growth in response to fluctuating light signals. The different isoforms of plant phytochromes often display both conserved and divergent roles, presumably to fine-tune plant responses to environmental signals and optimize fitness. Here we describe the distinct, yet partially redundant, roles of phytochromes NaPHYA, NaPHYB1 and NaPHYB2 in a wild tobacco species, Nicotiana attenuata using RNAi-silenced phytochrome lines. Consistent with results reported from other species, silencing the expression of NaPHYA or NaPHYB2 in N. attenuata had mild or no influence on plant develop- ment as long as NaPHYBI was functional; whereas silencing the expression of NaPHYB1 alone strongly altered flowering time and leaf morphology. Thecontribution of NaPHYB2 became significant only in the absence of NaPHYB1; plants silenced for both NaPHYB1 and NaPHYB2 largely skipped the rosette- stage of growth to rapidly produce long, slender stalks that bore flowers early： hallmarks of the shade- avoidance responses. The phenotyping of phyto- chrome-silenced lines, combined with sequence and transcript accumulation independent functional analysis, suggest the diversification of the phytochromes, and a dominant role of NaPHYB1 and NaPHYB2 in N. attenuata＇s vegetative and reproductive development.
