Thiazide-induced hyponatremia is one of the main causes of decreased sodium levels in elderly individuals. This review presents the current evidence regarding the thiazide-associated hyponatremia. Thiazide-associated ...Thiazide-induced hyponatremia is one of the main causes of decreased sodium levels in elderly individuals. This review presents the current evidence regarding the thiazide-associated hyponatremia. Thiazide-associated hyponatremia is observed mainly in patients with certain risk factors such as those receiving large doses of thiazides, having much comorbidity, such as heart failure, liver disease or malignancy, and taking several medications, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors or tricyclic antide- pressants. Sodium concentration should be monitored in patients with risk factors for developing thiazide-associated hyponatremia and clini- cians should measure promptly serum sodium levels in patients with neurologic signs indicating reduced sodium levels. The clinical and biochemical profile of patients with thiazide-associated hyponatremia may be that of extracellular volume depletion or the syndrome of inap- propriate antidiuretic hormone secretion （SIADH）. The investigation of possible thiazide-associated hyponatremia includes the exclusion of other causes of decreased sodium levels and the identification of the characteristics of hyponatremia due to thiazides （extracellular volume depletion-related or SIADH-like）. Treatment should be carefully monitored to avoid serious neurologic complications due to overcorrection. Clinicians should discourage prescribing thiazides in patients with a history of diuretic-associated hyponatremia and should prefer low doses of thiazides in patients with risk factors for developing thiazide-associated hyponatremia.展开更多
A five-membered phosphoroheterocycle, 5, 5-dimethyl-2-(4 -methoxy)phenyl-1, 3, 2-thiazaphospholidine-4-thione 2-sulfide, has been prepared by the reaction of Lawessons reagent (LR) with -hydroxyl isobutyronitrile, and...A five-membered phosphoroheterocycle, 5, 5-dimethyl-2-(4 -methoxy)phenyl-1, 3, 2-thiazaphospholidine-4-thione 2-sulfide, has been prepared by the reaction of Lawessons reagent (LR) with -hydroxyl isobutyronitrile, and its crystal structure was determined by X-ray diffraction method. The title compound (C11H14NOPS3) is triclinic with space group P , a= 6.8418 (9), b= 10.5467 (1), c= 11.5670 (2)? = 114.851 (2),β= 100.291 (2),γ= 91.390 (3)? V= 740.7 (2) 3, Z= 2, Dc= 1.360 g/cm3, λ= 0.71073 ? μ(MoK?= 0.59 mm-1, F(000)= 316. The Structure was refined to R= 0.0476, wR= 0.1272 for 2549 unique reflections with I >2σ(I). It contains a phenyl ring and a 5-membered phosphoroheterocycle with the dihedral angle of 87.06 (9)? The five atoms (P (1), N (1), C (1), C (2) and S (2)) of the heterocycle are nearly coplanar. In view of the unit cell it can be concluded that there exists an intermolecular hydrogen bond in the form of Sa┈HN (a: X, Y+1,Z+1). The existence of dpлbond between P (1) and N (1) was found as well as unsaturated property of N (1)C (1) moiety.展开更多
文摘Thiazide-induced hyponatremia is one of the main causes of decreased sodium levels in elderly individuals. This review presents the current evidence regarding the thiazide-associated hyponatremia. Thiazide-associated hyponatremia is observed mainly in patients with certain risk factors such as those receiving large doses of thiazides, having much comorbidity, such as heart failure, liver disease or malignancy, and taking several medications, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors or tricyclic antide- pressants. Sodium concentration should be monitored in patients with risk factors for developing thiazide-associated hyponatremia and clini- cians should measure promptly serum sodium levels in patients with neurologic signs indicating reduced sodium levels. The clinical and biochemical profile of patients with thiazide-associated hyponatremia may be that of extracellular volume depletion or the syndrome of inap- propriate antidiuretic hormone secretion （SIADH）. The investigation of possible thiazide-associated hyponatremia includes the exclusion of other causes of decreased sodium levels and the identification of the characteristics of hyponatremia due to thiazides （extracellular volume depletion-related or SIADH-like）. Treatment should be carefully monitored to avoid serious neurologic complications due to overcorrection. Clinicians should discourage prescribing thiazides in patients with a history of diuretic-associated hyponatremia and should prefer low doses of thiazides in patients with risk factors for developing thiazide-associated hyponatremia.
文摘A five-membered phosphoroheterocycle, 5, 5-dimethyl-2-(4 -methoxy)phenyl-1, 3, 2-thiazaphospholidine-4-thione 2-sulfide, has been prepared by the reaction of Lawessons reagent (LR) with -hydroxyl isobutyronitrile, and its crystal structure was determined by X-ray diffraction method. The title compound (C11H14NOPS3) is triclinic with space group P , a= 6.8418 (9), b= 10.5467 (1), c= 11.5670 (2)? = 114.851 (2),β= 100.291 (2),γ= 91.390 (3)? V= 740.7 (2) 3, Z= 2, Dc= 1.360 g/cm3, λ= 0.71073 ? μ(MoK?= 0.59 mm-1, F(000)= 316. The Structure was refined to R= 0.0476, wR= 0.1272 for 2549 unique reflections with I >2σ(I). It contains a phenyl ring and a 5-membered phosphoroheterocycle with the dihedral angle of 87.06 (9)? The five atoms (P (1), N (1), C (1), C (2) and S (2)) of the heterocycle are nearly coplanar. In view of the unit cell it can be concluded that there exists an intermolecular hydrogen bond in the form of Sa┈HN (a: X, Y+1,Z+1). The existence of dpлbond between P (1) and N (1) was found as well as unsaturated property of N (1)C (1) moiety.
