Apoplast is a special extracellular structure of the plant cell. In recent years, apoplast had been revealed as a powerful signal source that could determine the fate of cell development. Some novel polypeptide molecu...Apoplast is a special extracellular structure of the plant cell. In recent years, apoplast had been revealed as a powerful signal source that could determine the fate of cell development. Some novel polypeptide molecules in the apoplast, the signal molecules induced by the pathogenic infection or wound, and other extracellular signal molecules, like cAMP, calmodulin, part components of extracellular matrix (ECM), all of them were found to be present in the apoplast. More important, it is also proved that they play a very important role for intercellular communication, interaction between cells and determination of the cell fate during development.展开更多
Abstract: The authors found five sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-.) hyperaccumulating halophytes in the Temperate Desert of Xinjiang, China and studied two of them (Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall. and Kalidium folium (Pall.) Mo...Abstract: The authors found five sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-.) hyperaccumulating halophytes in the Temperate Desert of Xinjiang, China and studied two of them (Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall. and Kalidium folium (Pall.) Moq.). K. folium and S. salsa had a NaCl content of 32.1% and 29.8%, respectively, on a dry weight basis. X-ray microanalysis of the Na+ in the vacuole, apoplasts and cytoplasm of the two plants indicated a ratio of 7.3:5.6:1.0 in K. folium and 7.3:6.6:1.0 in S. salsa. These data show that K. folium and S. salsa both have a high Na+ and Cl- accumulating capacity, which is related to high activity of tonoplast H+-ATPase and H+-PPase.展开更多
The plant apoplast,which serves as the frontline battleground for long-term host–pathogen interactions,harbors a wealth of disease resistance resources.However,the identification of the disease resistance proteins in...The plant apoplast,which serves as the frontline battleground for long-term host–pathogen interactions,harbors a wealth of disease resistance resources.However,the identification of the disease resistance proteins in the apoplast is relatively lacking.In this study,we identified and characterized the rice secretory protein OsSSP1(Oryza sativa secretory small protein 1).OsSSP1 can be secreted into the plant apoplast,and either in vitro treatment of recombinant OsSSP1 or overexpression of OsSSP1 in rice could trigger plant immune response.The expression of OsSSP1 is suppressed significantly during Magnaporthe oryzae infection in the susceptible rice variety Taibei 309,and OsSSP1-overexpressing lines all show strong resistance to M.oryzae.Combining the knockout and overexpression results,we found that OsSSP1 positively regulates plant immunity in response to fungal infection.Moreover,the recognition and immune response triggered by OsSSP1 depend on an uncharacterized transmembrane OsSSR1(secretory small protein receptor 1)and the key co-receptor OsBAK1,since most of the induced immune response and resistance are lost in the absence of OsSSR1 or OsBAK1.Intriguingly,the OsSSP1 protein is relatively stable and can still induce plant resistance after 1 week of storage in the open environment,and exogenous OsSSP1 treatment for a 2-week period did not affect rice yield.Collectively,our study reveals that OsSSP1 can be secreted into the apoplast and percepted by OsSSR1 and OsBAK1 during fungal infection,thereby triggering the immune response to enhance plant resistance to M.oryzae.These findings provide novel resources and potential strategies for crop breeding and disease control.展开更多
The apoplast is one of the first cellular compartments outside the plasma membrane encountered by phytopathogenic microbes in the early stages of plant tissue invasion.Plants have developed sophisticated surveillance ...The apoplast is one of the first cellular compartments outside the plasma membrane encountered by phytopathogenic microbes in the early stages of plant tissue invasion.Plants have developed sophisticated surveillance mechanisms to sense danger events at the cell surface and promptly activate immunity.However,a fine tuning of the activation of immune pathways is necessary to mount a robust and effective defense response.Several endogenous proteins and enzymes are synthesized as inactive precursors,and their post-translational processing has emerged as a critical mechanism for triggering alarms in the apoplast.In this review,we focus on the precursors of phytocytokines,cell wall remodeling enzymes,and proteases.The physiological events that convert inactive precursors into immunomodulatory active peptides or enzymes are described.This review also explores the functional synergies among phytocytokines,cell wall damage-associated molecular patterns,and remodeling,highlighting their roles in boosting extracellular immunity and reinforcing defenses against pests.展开更多
Plants associate with diverse microbes that exert beneficial,neutral,or pathogenic effects inside the host.During the initial stages of invasion,the plant apoplast constitutes a hospitable environment for invading mic...Plants associate with diverse microbes that exert beneficial,neutral,or pathogenic effects inside the host.During the initial stages of invasion,the plant apoplast constitutes a hospitable environment for invading microbes,providing both water and nutrients.In response to microbial infection,a number of secreted proteins from host cells accumulate in the apoplastic space,which is related to microbial association or colonization processes.However,the molecular mechanisms underlying plant modulation of the apoplast environment and how plant-secreted proteases are involved in pathogen resistance are still poorly understood.Recently,several studies have reported the roles of apoplastic proteases in plant resistance against bacteria,fungi,and oomycetes.On the other hand,microbe-secreted proteins directly and/or indirectly inhibit host-derived apoplastic proteases to promote infection.These findings illustrate the importance of apoplastic proteases in plant–microbe interactions.Therefore,understanding the protease-mediated apoplastic battle between hosts and pathogens is of fundamental importance for understanding plant–pathogen interactions.Here,we provide an overviewof plant–microbe interactions in the apoplastic space.We define the apoplast,summarize the physical and chemical properties of these structures,and discuss the roles of plant apoplastic proteases and pathogen protease inhibitors in host–microbe interactions.Challenges and future perspectives for research into protease-mediated apoplastic interactions are discussed,which may facilitate the engineering of resistant crops.展开更多
文摘Apoplast is a special extracellular structure of the plant cell. In recent years, apoplast had been revealed as a powerful signal source that could determine the fate of cell development. Some novel polypeptide molecules in the apoplast, the signal molecules induced by the pathogenic infection or wound, and other extracellular signal molecules, like cAMP, calmodulin, part components of extracellular matrix (ECM), all of them were found to be present in the apoplast. More important, it is also proved that they play a very important role for intercellular communication, interaction between cells and determination of the cell fate during development.
基金国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)，the Foundation of Excellent Young/Scientists of Shandong Province
文摘Abstract: The authors found five sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-.) hyperaccumulating halophytes in the Temperate Desert of Xinjiang, China and studied two of them (Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall. and Kalidium folium (Pall.) Moq.). K. folium and S. salsa had a NaCl content of 32.1% and 29.8%, respectively, on a dry weight basis. X-ray microanalysis of the Na+ in the vacuole, apoplasts and cytoplasm of the two plants indicated a ratio of 7.3:5.6:1.0 in K. folium and 7.3:6.6:1.0 in S. salsa. These data show that K. folium and S. salsa both have a high Na+ and Cl- accumulating capacity, which is related to high activity of tonoplast H+-ATPase and H+-PPase.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFD1401500 and 2022YFD1402100)the Nature Science Foundation of China(32202257,32272557,and 32072500)+5 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2020MC117)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021M702027)the Major Basic Research Project of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2022ZD23)the Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province(TSTP20221117)the Shandong Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System(SDAIT-04-08)and the Key Technology Research and Development Program of Shandong(2019JZZY020608).
文摘The plant apoplast,which serves as the frontline battleground for long-term host–pathogen interactions,harbors a wealth of disease resistance resources.However,the identification of the disease resistance proteins in the apoplast is relatively lacking.In this study,we identified and characterized the rice secretory protein OsSSP1(Oryza sativa secretory small protein 1).OsSSP1 can be secreted into the plant apoplast,and either in vitro treatment of recombinant OsSSP1 or overexpression of OsSSP1 in rice could trigger plant immune response.The expression of OsSSP1 is suppressed significantly during Magnaporthe oryzae infection in the susceptible rice variety Taibei 309,and OsSSP1-overexpressing lines all show strong resistance to M.oryzae.Combining the knockout and overexpression results,we found that OsSSP1 positively regulates plant immunity in response to fungal infection.Moreover,the recognition and immune response triggered by OsSSP1 depend on an uncharacterized transmembrane OsSSR1(secretory small protein receptor 1)and the key co-receptor OsBAK1,since most of the induced immune response and resistance are lost in the absence of OsSSR1 or OsBAK1.Intriguingly,the OsSSP1 protein is relatively stable and can still induce plant resistance after 1 week of storage in the open environment,and exogenous OsSSP1 treatment for a 2-week period did not affect rice yield.Collectively,our study reveals that OsSSP1 can be secreted into the apoplast and percepted by OsSSR1 and OsBAK1 during fungal infection,thereby triggering the immune response to enhance plant resistance to M.oryzae.These findings provide novel resources and potential strategies for crop breeding and disease control.
基金supported by Sapienza University of Rome,grants RM120172 B78CFDF2,RM11916B7A142CF1,RM122181424F1F42,and RG12117 A898EABE0by the European Union“NextGenerationEU”program“Project ECS 0000024 Rome Technopole”-CUP B83C22002820006,PNRR Missione 4 Componente 2 Investimento 1.5by the Italian Ministry for Education,University and Research(MUR)with the project REACH-XY:CUP B93C22001920001.
文摘The apoplast is one of the first cellular compartments outside the plasma membrane encountered by phytopathogenic microbes in the early stages of plant tissue invasion.Plants have developed sophisticated surveillance mechanisms to sense danger events at the cell surface and promptly activate immunity.However,a fine tuning of the activation of immune pathways is necessary to mount a robust and effective defense response.Several endogenous proteins and enzymes are synthesized as inactive precursors,and their post-translational processing has emerged as a critical mechanism for triggering alarms in the apoplast.In this review,we focus on the precursors of phytocytokines,cell wall remodeling enzymes,and proteases.The physiological events that convert inactive precursors into immunomodulatory active peptides or enzymes are described.This review also explores the functional synergies among phytocytokines,cell wall damage-associated molecular patterns,and remodeling,highlighting their roles in boosting extracellular immunity and reinforcing defenses against pests.
文摘Plants associate with diverse microbes that exert beneficial,neutral,or pathogenic effects inside the host.During the initial stages of invasion,the plant apoplast constitutes a hospitable environment for invading microbes,providing both water and nutrients.In response to microbial infection,a number of secreted proteins from host cells accumulate in the apoplastic space,which is related to microbial association or colonization processes.However,the molecular mechanisms underlying plant modulation of the apoplast environment and how plant-secreted proteases are involved in pathogen resistance are still poorly understood.Recently,several studies have reported the roles of apoplastic proteases in plant resistance against bacteria,fungi,and oomycetes.On the other hand,microbe-secreted proteins directly and/or indirectly inhibit host-derived apoplastic proteases to promote infection.These findings illustrate the importance of apoplastic proteases in plant–microbe interactions.Therefore,understanding the protease-mediated apoplastic battle between hosts and pathogens is of fundamental importance for understanding plant–pathogen interactions.Here,we provide an overviewof plant–microbe interactions in the apoplastic space.We define the apoplast,summarize the physical and chemical properties of these structures,and discuss the roles of plant apoplastic proteases and pathogen protease inhibitors in host–microbe interactions.Challenges and future perspectives for research into protease-mediated apoplastic interactions are discussed,which may facilitate the engineering of resistant crops.
