AIM To assess the accuracy of shear wave elastography(SWE) alone and in combination with aminotransferase platelet ratio index(APRI) score in the staging of liver fibrosis.METHODS A multicenter prospective study was c...AIM To assess the accuracy of shear wave elastography(SWE) alone and in combination with aminotransferase platelet ratio index(APRI) score in the staging of liver fibrosis.METHODS A multicenter prospective study was conducted to assess the accuracy of SWE(medians) and APRI to predict biopsy results. The analysis focused on distinguishing the different stages of liver disease, namely, F0 from F1-4, F0-1 from F2-4, F0-2 from F3-4 and F0-3 from F4; F0-F1 from F2-F4 being of primary interest. The area under the receiver operating characteristic(AUROC) curve was computed using logistic regression model. The role of age, gender and steatosis was also assessed.RESULTS SWE alone accurately distinguished F0-1 from F2-4 with a high probability. The AUROC using SWE alone was 0.91 compared to 0.78 for using the APRI score alone.The APRI score, when used in conjunction with SWE, did not make a significant contribution to the AUROC. SWE and steatosis were the only significant predictors that differentiated F0-1 from F2-4 with an AUROC of 0.944.CONCLUSION Our study validates the use of SWE in the diagnosis and staging of liver fibrosis. Furthermore, the probability of a correct diagnosis is significantly enhanced with the addition of steatosis as a prognostic factor.展开更多
The presence of viable Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) in the environment is considered to contribute to the levels of H. pylori found in the human population, which also aids to increase its genetic variability and it...The presence of viable Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) in the environment is considered to contribute to the levels of H. pylori found in the human population, which also aids to increase its genetic variability and its environment adaptability and persistence. H. pylori form biofilms both within the in vitro and in vivo envi-ronment. This represents an important attribute that assists the survival of this bacterium within environ-ments that are both hostile and adverse to prolifera-tion. It is the aim of this paper to review the ability of H. pylori to form biofilms in vivo and in vitro and to address the inherent mechanisms considered to sig-nificantly enhance its persistence within the host and in external environments. Furthermore, the dissemi-nation of H. pylori in the external environment and within in the human body and its impact upon infec-tion control shall be discussed.展开更多
Mechanical shear resistance of wheat grain is a significant concern for the designers and researchers related to the design of threshing,handling and processing machinery of the field crops.The grain mechanical proper...Mechanical shear resistance of wheat grain is a significant concern for the designers and researchers related to the design of threshing,handling and processing machinery of the field crops.The grain mechanical properties directly affect the machine geometry and its operational parameters.The present study was carried out to determine the shear resistance of five wheat varieties(Locally names;TD-02,Sindhu-1105,Benazir,China and SKD-118)influenced by moisture content(16.7%,18.7%and 19.5%)and loading rate(3 mm/s,6 mm/s and 9 mm/s).However,some physio-dimensional properties(length,width,thickness,slenderness ratio,surface area and sphericity)were obtained at different moisture contents.The results showed that the shear resistance reduced by increasing the moisture content and loading rate.The average shear resistance decreased from 10.45 N to 3.74 N for 3-9 mm/s loading rate at moisture content of 16.7%to 19.5%.Thus,the maximum correlation(r=0.905)of shear resistance obtained at 16.7%,whereas minimum correlation(r=0.692)obtained at 19.5%.The shear resistance of wheat grain was highly significant(p<0.05)at 9 mm/s for 19.5%.Shear resistance decreased with an increase in the moisture content in the grain whereas deformation is increasing with the increase of moisture content.However,the maximum bulk density of wheat grain obtained at 19.5%for SKD-118,while the minimum obtained at 16.7%for TD-02.It is recommended that the design and modification of wheat grain processing equipment should be executed on the physio-mechanical properties of grain varieties.展开更多
Introduction: Pakistan has a large number of professional nurses but a higher rate of turnover contributes towards the shortage of nurses which is intensified by nurses’ immigration, lack of recruitment of new nurses...Introduction: Pakistan has a large number of professional nurses but a higher rate of turnover contributes towards the shortage of nurses which is intensified by nurses’ immigration, lack of recruitment of new nurses and retirement of senior nurses. Aim: The study aimed at examining the factors that increase retention of nurses. Research Method: The study is descriptive cross sectional with a sample of 150 nurses including both the genders, from 3 private hospitals located in Pakistan. A convenient sampling technique was used. The data collection was done through close ended questionnaires based on 20 questions. Data collection was done quantitatively and then data was entered in SPSS. Correlation and regression tests were performed. Findings: The analysis revealed that 91.3% nurses are loyal to their hospitals but, 8.7%nurses can switch the hospital for different reasons. It was also found that the idea of leaving the job based on the intention of moving to abroad and public sector was higher than the retirement and other causes. Resultantly, enhancements in nurses’ work environments have the ability to decrease nurses’ job burnout and turnover and increase patients’ satisfaction. Recommendations: Hospital leaders should implement effective strategies to encourage nurses to continue their job by motivation, strengthening management skills within the hospital and improving a positive work environment by promoting teamwork, continuous learning, trust, respect and flexible arrangements which can lead towards achieving better results.However, further studies quantitatively and qualitatively can explore more factors related to dissatisfaction of nurses. Health systems policy makers should lead by developing related strategies for the retention of nurses.展开更多
A catalytic performance is greatly impacted by the microenvironment surrounding the catalytic centers.However,efforts to modify the microenvironment are primarily directed towards the first coordination spheres,while ...A catalytic performance is greatly impacted by the microenvironment surrounding the catalytic centers.However,efforts to modify the microenvironment are primarily directed towards the first coordination spheres,while controlling the secondary coordination spheres is entirely restricted.In this work,a series of porphyrin-based covalent organic frameworks(COFs)with distinct linkage were rationally designed to investigate the structure-property relationship between the secondary coordination spheres of catalytic centers and CO_(2) photoreduction.The secondary coordination spheres of COFs could be changed readily by manipulating the organic linkage.In photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction,the COF withβ-ketoenamine as the linkage(NiPor-BDOB)exhibited superior activity,selectivity,and stability over its imine-linked counterpart(NiPor-BDA).Experiments and theoretical calculations indicated that the distinct secondary coordination sphere resulted in an electronic density change of Ni centers,leading to enhanced photocatalytic performances.This study highlights the significance of controlling the secondary coordination sphere around the active site.展开更多
Parallel operation of inverter modules is the solution to increase the reliability,efficiency,and redundancy of inverters in microgrids.Load sharing among inverters in distributed generators(DGs)is a key issue.This st...Parallel operation of inverter modules is the solution to increase the reliability,efficiency,and redundancy of inverters in microgrids.Load sharing among inverters in distributed generators(DGs)is a key issue.This study investigates the feasibility of power-sharing among parallel DGs using a dual control strategy in islanded mode of a microgrid.PQ control and droop control techniques are established to control the microgrid operation.P-f and Q-E droop control is used to attain real and reactive power sharing.The frequency variation caused by load change is an issue in droop control strategy whereas the tracking error of inverter power in PQ control is also a challenge.To address these issues,two DGs are interfaced with two parallel inverters in an islanded AC microgrid.PQ control is investigated for controlling the output real and reactive power of the DGs by assigning their references.The inverter under enhanced droop control implements power reallocation to restore the frequency among the distributed generators with predefined droop characteristics.A dual control strategy is proposed for the AC microgrid under islanded operation without communication link.Simulation studies are carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results show the validity and effective power-sharing performance of the system while maintaining a stable operation when the microgrid is in islanding mode.展开更多
The current study attempts to compare the hybrid artificial intelligence models to forecast the environmental externalities in Saudi Arabia.We have used the denoising based artificial intelligence models to construct ...The current study attempts to compare the hybrid artificial intelligence models to forecast the environmental externalities in Saudi Arabia.We have used the denoising based artificial intelligence models to construct hybrid models.While comparing the denoising techniques,the CSD-based denoising has outperformed.However,we have used the CSD-based hybrid models.CSD-ANN and CSD-RNN are used for denoising-based artificial intelligence models,whereas CSD-ARIMA is used for denoising-based traditional models.All these models are used to check and compare their performance in terms of level and direction of prediction for PM_(10).The results show that the CSD-based ANN model has a higher predictability for PM_(10) levels in Saudi Arabia due to low error values and higher Dstat values.In comparing original and forecasted data,the superiority of CSD-ANN is evident in predicting the PM_(10) in Saudi Arabia.Hence,this hybrid model can predict the environmental externalities for non-linear and highly noised data.Moreover,the findings can be useful in achieving the sustainable development goal.展开更多
The current study examines the significant determinants of electricity consumption and identifies an appropriate model to forecast the electricity price accurately.The main contribution is focused on eastern region of...The current study examines the significant determinants of electricity consumption and identifies an appropriate model to forecast the electricity price accurately.The main contribution is focused on eastern region of Saudi Arabia,a relatively hottest geographical area full of energy resources but with different electricity consumption patterns.The relative irrelevance of temperature as predicting factor of electricity consumption is quite surprising and contradicts the previous studies.In the eastern region,electricity price has negative association with electricity consumption.While comparing traditional and machine learning,it is found that machine learning techniques offer better predictability.Amongst the machine learning techniques,the support vector machine has the lowest errors in forecasting the electricity price.Additionally,the support vector machine approach is used to forecast the trend of carbon emissions caused by electricity consumption.The findings have policy implications and offer valuable suggestions to policymakers while addressing the determinants of electricity consumption and forecasting electricity prices.展开更多
BACKGROUND Blepharoconjunctivitis poses a diagnostic challenge due to its diverse etiology,including viral infections.Blepharoconjunctivits can be acute or chronic,selflimiting,or needing medical therapy.AIM To review...BACKGROUND Blepharoconjunctivitis poses a diagnostic challenge due to its diverse etiology,including viral infections.Blepharoconjunctivits can be acute or chronic,selflimiting,or needing medical therapy.AIM To review possible viral agents crucial for accurate differential diagnosis in cases of blepharoconjunctivitis.METHODS The PubMed database was searched for records relating to viral blepharoconjunctivitis.The search string generated was“("virally"[All Fields]OR"virals"[All Fields]OR"virology"[MeSH Terms]OR"virology"[All Fields]OR"viral"[All Fields])AND"Blepharoconjunctivitis"[All Fields]".RESULTS A total of 24 publications were generated from the search string.Reference lists from each relevant article were also searched for more information and included in this review.Viral etiologies such as adenovirus,herpes simplex virus(HSV),varicella-zoster virus(VZV),and Epstein-Barr virus(EBV)are frequently implicated.Adenoviral infections manifest with follicular conjunctivitis and preauricular lymphadenopathy,often presenting as epidemic keratoconjunctivitis.HSV and VZV infections can result in herpetic keratitis and may exhibit characteristic dendritic corneal ulcers.EBV,although less common,can cause unilateral or bilateral follicular conjunctivitis,particularly in immunocompromised individuals.Other potential viral agents,such as enteroviruses and molluscum contagiosum virus,should also be considered,especially in pediatric cases.CONCLUSION Prompt recognition of these viral etiologies is essential for appropriate management and prevention of complications.Thus,a thorough understanding of the clinical presentation,epidemiology,and diagnostic modalities is crucial for accurate identification and management of viral blepharoconjunctivitis.展开更多
Autologous blood therapy has emerged as a promising modality in managing ocular surface disorders.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current literature regarding the use of autologous blood in ocular...Autologous blood therapy has emerged as a promising modality in managing ocular surface disorders.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current literature regarding the use of autologous blood in ocular surface disorders,encompassing its physiological basis,clinical applications,techniques,challenges,and future perspectives.The ocular surface,comprising the cornea,conjunctiva,and tear film,plays a critical role in maintaining visual function,and its disruption can lead to various pathological conditions.With its rich composition of growth factors,cytokines,and other bioactive molecules,autologous blood offers therapeutic potential in promoting corneal wound healing,reducing inflammation,and improving tear film stability.Clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of autologous blood therapy in diverse ocular surface disorders,including persistent epithelial defects,neurotrophic keratopathy,and dry eye disease.However,challenges such as variability in treatment response,adverse effects,and optimal patient selection remain areas of concern.Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action,refine treatment protocols,and explore synergistic approaches with other therapeutic modalities.Despite these challenges,autologous blood therapy holds promise as a valuable adjunctive treatment option for ocular surface disorders,offering new avenues for improving patient outcomes and quality of life.This review examines the mechanisms underlying ocular surface disorders while discussing existing autologous blood-based therapies for managing these disorders.Current clinical trials are also summarized,and a comparison between autologous blood therapy and conventional eyedrops is attempted.Finally,safe techniques and protocols for autologous blood medicine are elucidated,and adverse effects and future perspectives of this novel therapy are reviewed.展开更多
The early precipitation ofγ’-Co3(Al,W)phase affects the spatial distribution and kinetic evolution of precipitates for the morphology transmission effect,but the nucleation and concomitant growth are not studied sti...The early precipitation ofγ’-Co3(Al,W)phase affects the spatial distribution and kinetic evolution of precipitates for the morphology transmission effect,but the nucleation and concomitant growth are not studied still by aging experiments due to the expeditious precipitation ofγ’phase in Co-Al-W alloy.By using the phase-field simulation with sublattice free energy,the early-stage kinetics evolution ofγ’-Co3(Al,W)phase in a medium supersaturation Co-9 Al-8 W(at.%)alloy aged from 1023 K to 1173 K is investigated.The influences of aging temperature on the evolution of morphology and composition ofγ’phase,and the kinetics of nucleation and growth to coarsening are clarified.It is found that the rates of composition evolution of W inγphase are two or three times that ofγ’phase,and the W compositions inγandγ’phases show a linear relationship with time t–1/3,which means that the coarsening takes place earlier at high temperature.In addition,the equilibrium partitioning ratios indicate Al and W partition into theγ’phase and the ratios decrease with elevated temperature.The compositional variations across theγ/γ’phase interfaces suggest that low aging temperature makes the stoichiometric ratio closer to 3:1.Moreover,the precipitation evolutions from early nucleation to growth and coarsening in Co-Al-W alloy are distinguished,and the rate constants of square and cube of average particles radius increase with temperature.In later growth stage,the relationship of the square of average particles radius and time is obeyed,while the steady-state coarsening stage follows the cube law.The time exponents of particles number density at the coarsening stage are close to–1 of Kuehmann-Voorhees(KV)theory.The study demonstrates that the early-stage evolution ofγ’phase which is undiscovered in the experiment can be captured by the phase-field simulation,and the resultant kinetics laws agree well with the experimental and theoretical results.展开更多
A comparative analytical study of several control strategies for semi-active(SA) devices installed in baseisolated buildings aiming to reduce earthquake induced vibrations is presented.Three force tracking schemes com...A comparative analytical study of several control strategies for semi-active(SA) devices installed in baseisolated buildings aiming to reduce earthquake induced vibrations is presented.Three force tracking schemes comprising a linear controller plus a 'clipped' algorithm and a nonlinear output feedback controller(NOFC) are considered to tackle this problem.Linear controllers include the integral controller(I),the linear quadratic regulator(LQR) and the model predictive controller(MPC).A single degree-of-freedom system subjected to input accelerograms representative of the Portuguese seismic actions are first used to validate and evaluate the feasibility of these strategies.The obtained results show that structural systems using SA devices can in general outperform those equipped with passive devices for lower fundamental frequency structural systems,namely base-isolated buildings.The effectiveness of the proposed strategies is also evaluated on a 10 storey base-isolated dual frame-wall building.The force tracking scheme with an integral controller outperforms the other three as well as the original structure and the structure equipped with passive devices.展开更多
This study deals with unraveling the diagenesis-induced porosity evolution in a mixed clastic-carbonate sequence of the Middle Permian Indus Basin,Pakistan.Multiple data sets including outcrop,petrography,cathodolumin...This study deals with unraveling the diagenesis-induced porosity evolution in a mixed clastic-carbonate sequence of the Middle Permian Indus Basin,Pakistan.Multiple data sets including outcrop,petrography,cathodoluminescence,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),mineralogy,and geochemical isotopic compositions were integrated to establish a link between porosity evolution and diagenesis.The spatial thickness and facies variations of the strata at outcrop scale are inherently controlled by the underlying bathymetry of the basin with deepening westward trend.The low values ofδ^(18)O of the target strata,relative to average values of the Permian carbonate,hints to diagenetic alteration in the strata.The data sets used in this study reveal modification of the strata in four environments,that is,i)early marine diagenesis indicated by micritization,pervasive dolomitization and isopachous fibrous cements,followed by ii)meteoric dissolution,and iii)shallow burial diagenetic processes including the precipitation of blocky cement,compaction of skeletal and non-skeletal allochems,and stylolites,and iv)a deep burial environment,characterized by pressure solution,and micro-fractures.The clastic intervals host subangular to subrounded quartz grains,floating textures,and almost complete absence of deleterious clay minerals,consequently resulting in the preservation of primary porosity.The primary porosity of carbonate intervals is preserved in the form of intercrystalline and intracrystalline porosity.The secondary porosity evolved through various diagenetic phases in the form of fractures and dissolution.The diagenetic solution mediated by organic matter in carbonates may have experienced both bacterial decomposition and thermochemical sulfate reduction,precipitating sulfides within the pores.The plug porosity/permeability analyses generally suggest high porosity in the siliciclastic unit,and carbonates with wackestone fabric while lower values were observed for the inner shelf pure carbonate facies.However,both intervals show ve展开更多
This study was conducted to evaluate the water application uniformity for a drip irrigation system, considering the water quality and the duration of usage. The uniformity parameters, Emission Uniformity (EU %) and Un...This study was conducted to evaluate the water application uniformity for a drip irrigation system, considering the water quality and the duration of usage. The uniformity parameters, Emission Uniformity (EU %) and Uniformity Coefficient (UC %) were determined for the drip irrigation system </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">installed over a year of performance. The procedures are based on taking</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> measurements of emitter discharge along selected driplines on a sub-main. The catch can </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">be</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> identified as L1A, L1B, L1C, L1D, same for L2A to L2D, L3A to L3D and L4A to L4D. This gave a total of sixteen (16) measurement positions as there were 4 driplines. Results indicated that the uniformity of water application was 90% indicating that the emitter was still good after a year of installation. The average discharge rate was 0.57</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">l/h. The uniformity coefficient (UC %) for the gravity-fed drip irrigation system was 78%, indicating good water application and was quite significant for the evaluation of the uniform distribution of water for the design. The expansion of this irrigation method in rural communities could contribute to relevant water savings in most areas of the Upper West Region of Ghana.展开更多
Tuberculosis(TB)remains a global threat,with the rise of multiple and extensively drug resistant TB posing additional challenges.The International health community has set various 5-yearly targets for TB elimination:m...Tuberculosis(TB)remains a global threat,with the rise of multiple and extensively drug resistant TB posing additional challenges.The International health community has set various 5-yearly targets for TB elimination:mathematical modelling suggests that a 2050 target is feasible with a strategy combining better diagnostics,drugs,and vaccines to detect and treat both latent and active infection.The availability of rapid and highly sensitive diagnostic tools(Gene-Xpert,TB-Quick)will vastly facilitate population-level identification of TB(including rifampicin resistance and through it,multi-drug-resistant TB).Basicresearch advances have illuminated molecular mechanisms in TB,including the protective role of Vitamin D.Also,Mycobacterium tuberculosis impairs the host immune response through epigenetic mechanisms(histone-binding modulation).Imaging will continue to be key,both for initial diagnosis and follow-up.We discuss advances in multiple imaging modalities to evaluate TB tissue changes,such as molecular imaging techniques(including pathogen-specific positron emission tomography imaging agents),non-invasive temporal monitoring,and computing enhancements to improve data acquisition and reduce scan times.Big data analysis and Artificial Intelligence(AI)algorithms,notably in the AI subfield called“Deep Learning”,can potentially increase the speed and accuracy of diagnosis.Additionally,Federated learning makes multi-institutional/multi-city AI-based collaborations possible without sharing identifiable patient data.More powerful hardware designs-e.g.,Edge and Quantum Computing-will facilitate the role of computing applications in TB.However,“Artificial Intelligence needs real Intelligence to guide it!”To have maximal impact,AI must use a holistic approach that incorporates time tested human wisdom gained over decades from the full gamut of TB,i.e.,key imaging and clinical parameters,including prognostic indicators,plus bacterial and epidemiologic data.We propose a similar holistic approach at the level of nation展开更多
The main drawbacks of traditional finite set model predictive control are high computational load,large torque ripple,and variable switching frequency.A less complex deadbeat(DB)model predictive current control(MPCC)w...The main drawbacks of traditional finite set model predictive control are high computational load,large torque ripple,and variable switching frequency.A less complex deadbeat(DB)model predictive current control(MPCC)with improved space vector pulse-width modulation(SVPWM)under a single-phase open-circuit fault is proposed.The proposed method predicts the reference voltage vector in the a-β subspace by employing the deadbeat control principle on the machine predictive model;thus,the exhaustive exploration procedure is avoided to relieve the computational load.To perform the constant switching frequency operation and achieve better steady-state performance,a modified SVPWM strategy is developed with the same conventional structure,which modulates the reference voltage vector.This new approach is based on a redesigned and adjusted post-fault virtual voltage vector space distribution that eliminates the y-axis harmonic components in the x-y subspace and ensures the generation of symmetrical PWM pulses.Meanwhile,the combined merits of the DB,MPCC,and SVPWM methods are realized.To verify the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme,comparative experiments are performed on a five-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM)drive system.展开更多
The current study investigates the toxic effects of acute dose of an endocrine disruptor atrazine on Grass carp (<em>Ctenepharyngodon idella</em>) using histopathological changes as biomarkers. Histopathol...The current study investigates the toxic effects of acute dose of an endocrine disruptor atrazine on Grass carp (<em>Ctenepharyngodon idella</em>) using histopathological changes as biomarkers. Histopathology is promising field for research in aquatic toxicology, in this manner vital organs;brain, gills, and liver tissues were inspected histological after exposing to sublethal groupings of atrazine 0.025 and 0.03 μl/L for 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days individually with equal untreated control group. Against various doses, rapid movements, gulping of air and jumping of fish to scat from toxic medium were noticed. Various severe (+++) morphological modifications in tissue were documented in comparison with control group comprised of degenerated neurons, vacuolization, inflammatory cells infiltration and neural necrosis in brain tissue. The most well-known gills tissue alteration at all concentrations of atrazine was epithelial hyperplasia, desquamation, epithelial lifting and smaller aneurism while hepatic injuries were described by overcast expanding of hepatocytes esteemed as cloudy swelling of hepatocytes followed by karyolysis, karyohexis and dilation of sinusoids which shows that atrazine introduction upgraded the toxicosis impacts with the increase concentration, influenced the strength of the fish, inferable from histological inconsistencies.展开更多
Repeatedly deposition of anthropogenic chemicals such as chlorpyrifos led to the risk of its associated unwanted toxicity to the non-targeted organisms. The present project was designed to assess the toxicity of chlor...Repeatedly deposition of anthropogenic chemicals such as chlorpyrifos led to the risk of its associated unwanted toxicity to the non-targeted organisms. The present project was designed to assess the toxicity of chlorpyrifos, an organophosphorus insecticide, at different dose level and duration of exposure to elucidate its cellular and nuclear anomalies in erythrocytes and histopathological effect on brain and liver tissues of the fresh water fish (<em>Ctenopharyngodon idella</em>). The chlorpyrifos was used at 0.01 and 0.015 μL/L for a duration of 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days respectively. Alteration in functional markers such as cellular anomalies associated with exposed dosage was reported as swollen cells, swollen or enlarged cells, and hemolyzed cells followed by nuclear abnormalities stated as micronucleus, deformed nucleus and nuclear shift. The result indicated alterations observed in brain and liver tissues were categorized as necrosis, vacuolization, degeneration of neurons and hepatic necrosis, hepatolysis and hepatic vacuolization that were further scored on the basis of severity from 0 (normal) to 3 (severe). These effects significantly increased with the increase in dose level of chlorpyrifos and duration of exposure (p < 0.05). The present findings contributed that extended exposure of such chemicals to the aquatic ecosystems led to behavioral and histopathological alterations that may result in loss of normal functioning of the organs.展开更多
基金the Aga Khan United States Research funding body and research support team for funding this study
文摘AIM To assess the accuracy of shear wave elastography(SWE) alone and in combination with aminotransferase platelet ratio index(APRI) score in the staging of liver fibrosis.METHODS A multicenter prospective study was conducted to assess the accuracy of SWE(medians) and APRI to predict biopsy results. The analysis focused on distinguishing the different stages of liver disease, namely, F0 from F1-4, F0-1 from F2-4, F0-2 from F3-4 and F0-3 from F4; F0-F1 from F2-F4 being of primary interest. The area under the receiver operating characteristic(AUROC) curve was computed using logistic regression model. The role of age, gender and steatosis was also assessed.RESULTS SWE alone accurately distinguished F0-1 from F2-4 with a high probability. The AUROC using SWE alone was 0.91 compared to 0.78 for using the APRI score alone.The APRI score, when used in conjunction with SWE, did not make a significant contribution to the AUROC. SWE and steatosis were the only significant predictors that differentiated F0-1 from F2-4 with an AUROC of 0.944.CONCLUSION Our study validates the use of SWE in the diagnosis and staging of liver fibrosis. Furthermore, the probability of a correct diagnosis is significantly enhanced with the addition of steatosis as a prognostic factor.
文摘The presence of viable Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) in the environment is considered to contribute to the levels of H. pylori found in the human population, which also aids to increase its genetic variability and its environment adaptability and persistence. H. pylori form biofilms both within the in vitro and in vivo envi-ronment. This represents an important attribute that assists the survival of this bacterium within environ-ments that are both hostile and adverse to prolifera-tion. It is the aim of this paper to review the ability of H. pylori to form biofilms in vivo and in vitro and to address the inherent mechanisms considered to sig-nificantly enhance its persistence within the host and in external environments. Furthermore, the dissemi-nation of H. pylori in the external environment and within in the human body and its impact upon infec-tion control shall be discussed.
基金This work is financially supported by the National Key Research of Development Program of China(Grant No.2016YFD0702004)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51605196)+3 种基金the Jiangsu Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.BE2016356)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China(Grant No.BK20160532)the National Science Foundation for Post-doctoral Scientists of China(Grant No.2016M591788)Natural Science Foundation of the Higher Education Institutions of Jiangsu Province,China(Grant No.17KJB416003).
文摘Mechanical shear resistance of wheat grain is a significant concern for the designers and researchers related to the design of threshing,handling and processing machinery of the field crops.The grain mechanical properties directly affect the machine geometry and its operational parameters.The present study was carried out to determine the shear resistance of five wheat varieties(Locally names;TD-02,Sindhu-1105,Benazir,China and SKD-118)influenced by moisture content(16.7%,18.7%and 19.5%)and loading rate(3 mm/s,6 mm/s and 9 mm/s).However,some physio-dimensional properties(length,width,thickness,slenderness ratio,surface area and sphericity)were obtained at different moisture contents.The results showed that the shear resistance reduced by increasing the moisture content and loading rate.The average shear resistance decreased from 10.45 N to 3.74 N for 3-9 mm/s loading rate at moisture content of 16.7%to 19.5%.Thus,the maximum correlation(r=0.905)of shear resistance obtained at 16.7%,whereas minimum correlation(r=0.692)obtained at 19.5%.The shear resistance of wheat grain was highly significant(p<0.05)at 9 mm/s for 19.5%.Shear resistance decreased with an increase in the moisture content in the grain whereas deformation is increasing with the increase of moisture content.However,the maximum bulk density of wheat grain obtained at 19.5%for SKD-118,while the minimum obtained at 16.7%for TD-02.It is recommended that the design and modification of wheat grain processing equipment should be executed on the physio-mechanical properties of grain varieties.
文摘Introduction: Pakistan has a large number of professional nurses but a higher rate of turnover contributes towards the shortage of nurses which is intensified by nurses’ immigration, lack of recruitment of new nurses and retirement of senior nurses. Aim: The study aimed at examining the factors that increase retention of nurses. Research Method: The study is descriptive cross sectional with a sample of 150 nurses including both the genders, from 3 private hospitals located in Pakistan. A convenient sampling technique was used. The data collection was done through close ended questionnaires based on 20 questions. Data collection was done quantitatively and then data was entered in SPSS. Correlation and regression tests were performed. Findings: The analysis revealed that 91.3% nurses are loyal to their hospitals but, 8.7%nurses can switch the hospital for different reasons. It was also found that the idea of leaving the job based on the intention of moving to abroad and public sector was higher than the retirement and other causes. Resultantly, enhancements in nurses’ work environments have the ability to decrease nurses’ job burnout and turnover and increase patients’ satisfaction. Recommendations: Hospital leaders should implement effective strategies to encourage nurses to continue their job by motivation, strengthening management skills within the hospital and improving a positive work environment by promoting teamwork, continuous learning, trust, respect and flexible arrangements which can lead towards achieving better results.However, further studies quantitatively and qualitatively can explore more factors related to dissatisfaction of nurses. Health systems policy makers should lead by developing related strategies for the retention of nurses.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant no.2021YFA1500402)Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Science (CAS+3 种基金grant no.XDB0450302)National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos.U22A20401,22161142001,and 22205224)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (grant nos.BX2021281 and 2021M703064)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (grant nos.WK2060000041 and WK3450000007).
文摘A catalytic performance is greatly impacted by the microenvironment surrounding the catalytic centers.However,efforts to modify the microenvironment are primarily directed towards the first coordination spheres,while controlling the secondary coordination spheres is entirely restricted.In this work,a series of porphyrin-based covalent organic frameworks(COFs)with distinct linkage were rationally designed to investigate the structure-property relationship between the secondary coordination spheres of catalytic centers and CO_(2) photoreduction.The secondary coordination spheres of COFs could be changed readily by manipulating the organic linkage.In photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction,the COF withβ-ketoenamine as the linkage(NiPor-BDOB)exhibited superior activity,selectivity,and stability over its imine-linked counterpart(NiPor-BDA).Experiments and theoretical calculations indicated that the distinct secondary coordination sphere resulted in an electronic density change of Ni centers,leading to enhanced photocatalytic performances.This study highlights the significance of controlling the secondary coordination sphere around the active site.
基金This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 51477098National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFB0900504).
文摘Parallel operation of inverter modules is the solution to increase the reliability,efficiency,and redundancy of inverters in microgrids.Load sharing among inverters in distributed generators(DGs)is a key issue.This study investigates the feasibility of power-sharing among parallel DGs using a dual control strategy in islanded mode of a microgrid.PQ control and droop control techniques are established to control the microgrid operation.P-f and Q-E droop control is used to attain real and reactive power sharing.The frequency variation caused by load change is an issue in droop control strategy whereas the tracking error of inverter power in PQ control is also a challenge.To address these issues,two DGs are interfaced with two parallel inverters in an islanded AC microgrid.PQ control is investigated for controlling the output real and reactive power of the DGs by assigning their references.The inverter under enhanced droop control implements power reallocation to restore the frequency among the distributed generators with predefined droop characteristics.A dual control strategy is proposed for the AC microgrid under islanded operation without communication link.Simulation studies are carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results show the validity and effective power-sharing performance of the system while maintaining a stable operation when the microgrid is in islanding mode.
文摘The current study attempts to compare the hybrid artificial intelligence models to forecast the environmental externalities in Saudi Arabia.We have used the denoising based artificial intelligence models to construct hybrid models.While comparing the denoising techniques,the CSD-based denoising has outperformed.However,we have used the CSD-based hybrid models.CSD-ANN and CSD-RNN are used for denoising-based artificial intelligence models,whereas CSD-ARIMA is used for denoising-based traditional models.All these models are used to check and compare their performance in terms of level and direction of prediction for PM_(10).The results show that the CSD-based ANN model has a higher predictability for PM_(10) levels in Saudi Arabia due to low error values and higher Dstat values.In comparing original and forecasted data,the superiority of CSD-ANN is evident in predicting the PM_(10) in Saudi Arabia.Hence,this hybrid model can predict the environmental externalities for non-linear and highly noised data.Moreover,the findings can be useful in achieving the sustainable development goal.
基金the Deputyship for Research&Innovation,Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia for funding this research work through the project number MoF-IF-UJ-22-20744-1.
文摘The current study examines the significant determinants of electricity consumption and identifies an appropriate model to forecast the electricity price accurately.The main contribution is focused on eastern region of Saudi Arabia,a relatively hottest geographical area full of energy resources but with different electricity consumption patterns.The relative irrelevance of temperature as predicting factor of electricity consumption is quite surprising and contradicts the previous studies.In the eastern region,electricity price has negative association with electricity consumption.While comparing traditional and machine learning,it is found that machine learning techniques offer better predictability.Amongst the machine learning techniques,the support vector machine has the lowest errors in forecasting the electricity price.Additionally,the support vector machine approach is used to forecast the trend of carbon emissions caused by electricity consumption.The findings have policy implications and offer valuable suggestions to policymakers while addressing the determinants of electricity consumption and forecasting electricity prices.
文摘BACKGROUND Blepharoconjunctivitis poses a diagnostic challenge due to its diverse etiology,including viral infections.Blepharoconjunctivits can be acute or chronic,selflimiting,or needing medical therapy.AIM To review possible viral agents crucial for accurate differential diagnosis in cases of blepharoconjunctivitis.METHODS The PubMed database was searched for records relating to viral blepharoconjunctivitis.The search string generated was“("virally"[All Fields]OR"virals"[All Fields]OR"virology"[MeSH Terms]OR"virology"[All Fields]OR"viral"[All Fields])AND"Blepharoconjunctivitis"[All Fields]".RESULTS A total of 24 publications were generated from the search string.Reference lists from each relevant article were also searched for more information and included in this review.Viral etiologies such as adenovirus,herpes simplex virus(HSV),varicella-zoster virus(VZV),and Epstein-Barr virus(EBV)are frequently implicated.Adenoviral infections manifest with follicular conjunctivitis and preauricular lymphadenopathy,often presenting as epidemic keratoconjunctivitis.HSV and VZV infections can result in herpetic keratitis and may exhibit characteristic dendritic corneal ulcers.EBV,although less common,can cause unilateral or bilateral follicular conjunctivitis,particularly in immunocompromised individuals.Other potential viral agents,such as enteroviruses and molluscum contagiosum virus,should also be considered,especially in pediatric cases.CONCLUSION Prompt recognition of these viral etiologies is essential for appropriate management and prevention of complications.Thus,a thorough understanding of the clinical presentation,epidemiology,and diagnostic modalities is crucial for accurate identification and management of viral blepharoconjunctivitis.
文摘Autologous blood therapy has emerged as a promising modality in managing ocular surface disorders.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current literature regarding the use of autologous blood in ocular surface disorders,encompassing its physiological basis,clinical applications,techniques,challenges,and future perspectives.The ocular surface,comprising the cornea,conjunctiva,and tear film,plays a critical role in maintaining visual function,and its disruption can lead to various pathological conditions.With its rich composition of growth factors,cytokines,and other bioactive molecules,autologous blood offers therapeutic potential in promoting corneal wound healing,reducing inflammation,and improving tear film stability.Clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of autologous blood therapy in diverse ocular surface disorders,including persistent epithelial defects,neurotrophic keratopathy,and dry eye disease.However,challenges such as variability in treatment response,adverse effects,and optimal patient selection remain areas of concern.Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action,refine treatment protocols,and explore synergistic approaches with other therapeutic modalities.Despite these challenges,autologous blood therapy holds promise as a valuable adjunctive treatment option for ocular surface disorders,offering new avenues for improving patient outcomes and quality of life.This review examines the mechanisms underlying ocular surface disorders while discussing existing autologous blood-based therapies for managing these disorders.Current clinical trials are also summarized,and a comparison between autologous blood therapy and conventional eyedrops is attempted.Finally,safe techniques and protocols for autologous blood medicine are elucidated,and adverse effects and future perspectives of this novel therapy are reviewed.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51571122)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.30916015107)。
文摘The early precipitation ofγ’-Co3(Al,W)phase affects the spatial distribution and kinetic evolution of precipitates for the morphology transmission effect,but the nucleation and concomitant growth are not studied still by aging experiments due to the expeditious precipitation ofγ’phase in Co-Al-W alloy.By using the phase-field simulation with sublattice free energy,the early-stage kinetics evolution ofγ’-Co3(Al,W)phase in a medium supersaturation Co-9 Al-8 W(at.%)alloy aged from 1023 K to 1173 K is investigated.The influences of aging temperature on the evolution of morphology and composition ofγ’phase,and the kinetics of nucleation and growth to coarsening are clarified.It is found that the rates of composition evolution of W inγphase are two or three times that ofγ’phase,and the W compositions inγandγ’phases show a linear relationship with time t–1/3,which means that the coarsening takes place earlier at high temperature.In addition,the equilibrium partitioning ratios indicate Al and W partition into theγ’phase and the ratios decrease with elevated temperature.The compositional variations across theγ/γ’phase interfaces suggest that low aging temperature makes the stoichiometric ratio closer to 3:1.Moreover,the precipitation evolutions from early nucleation to growth and coarsening in Co-Al-W alloy are distinguished,and the rate constants of square and cube of average particles radius increase with temperature.In later growth stage,the relationship of the square of average particles radius and time is obeyed,while the steady-state coarsening stage follows the cube law.The time exponents of particles number density at the coarsening stage are close to–1 of Kuehmann-Voorhees(KV)theory.The study demonstrates that the early-stage evolution ofγ’phase which is undiscovered in the experiment can be captured by the phase-field simulation,and the resultant kinetics laws agree well with the experimental and theoretical results.
基金The Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology(FCT)for the Ph D scholarship provided(reference SFRH/BD/84769/2012)
文摘A comparative analytical study of several control strategies for semi-active(SA) devices installed in baseisolated buildings aiming to reduce earthquake induced vibrations is presented.Three force tracking schemes comprising a linear controller plus a 'clipped' algorithm and a nonlinear output feedback controller(NOFC) are considered to tackle this problem.Linear controllers include the integral controller(I),the linear quadratic regulator(LQR) and the model predictive controller(MPC).A single degree-of-freedom system subjected to input accelerograms representative of the Portuguese seismic actions are first used to validate and evaluate the feasibility of these strategies.The obtained results show that structural systems using SA devices can in general outperform those equipped with passive devices for lower fundamental frequency structural systems,namely base-isolated buildings.The effectiveness of the proposed strategies is also evaluated on a 10 storey base-isolated dual frame-wall building.The force tracking scheme with an integral controller outperforms the other three as well as the original structure and the structure equipped with passive devices.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant/Award Numbers:41272115,41572086)OeAD(Austria's Agency for Education and Internationalization).
文摘This study deals with unraveling the diagenesis-induced porosity evolution in a mixed clastic-carbonate sequence of the Middle Permian Indus Basin,Pakistan.Multiple data sets including outcrop,petrography,cathodoluminescence,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),mineralogy,and geochemical isotopic compositions were integrated to establish a link between porosity evolution and diagenesis.The spatial thickness and facies variations of the strata at outcrop scale are inherently controlled by the underlying bathymetry of the basin with deepening westward trend.The low values ofδ^(18)O of the target strata,relative to average values of the Permian carbonate,hints to diagenetic alteration in the strata.The data sets used in this study reveal modification of the strata in four environments,that is,i)early marine diagenesis indicated by micritization,pervasive dolomitization and isopachous fibrous cements,followed by ii)meteoric dissolution,and iii)shallow burial diagenetic processes including the precipitation of blocky cement,compaction of skeletal and non-skeletal allochems,and stylolites,and iv)a deep burial environment,characterized by pressure solution,and micro-fractures.The clastic intervals host subangular to subrounded quartz grains,floating textures,and almost complete absence of deleterious clay minerals,consequently resulting in the preservation of primary porosity.The primary porosity of carbonate intervals is preserved in the form of intercrystalline and intracrystalline porosity.The secondary porosity evolved through various diagenetic phases in the form of fractures and dissolution.The diagenetic solution mediated by organic matter in carbonates may have experienced both bacterial decomposition and thermochemical sulfate reduction,precipitating sulfides within the pores.The plug porosity/permeability analyses generally suggest high porosity in the siliciclastic unit,and carbonates with wackestone fabric while lower values were observed for the inner shelf pure carbonate facies.However,both intervals show ve
文摘This study was conducted to evaluate the water application uniformity for a drip irrigation system, considering the water quality and the duration of usage. The uniformity parameters, Emission Uniformity (EU %) and Uniformity Coefficient (UC %) were determined for the drip irrigation system </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">installed over a year of performance. The procedures are based on taking</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> measurements of emitter discharge along selected driplines on a sub-main. The catch can </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">be</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> identified as L1A, L1B, L1C, L1D, same for L2A to L2D, L3A to L3D and L4A to L4D. This gave a total of sixteen (16) measurement positions as there were 4 driplines. Results indicated that the uniformity of water application was 90% indicating that the emitter was still good after a year of installation. The average discharge rate was 0.57</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">l/h. The uniformity coefficient (UC %) for the gravity-fed drip irrigation system was 78%, indicating good water application and was quite significant for the evaluation of the uniform distribution of water for the design. The expansion of this irrigation method in rural communities could contribute to relevant water savings in most areas of the Upper West Region of Ghana.
文摘Tuberculosis(TB)remains a global threat,with the rise of multiple and extensively drug resistant TB posing additional challenges.The International health community has set various 5-yearly targets for TB elimination:mathematical modelling suggests that a 2050 target is feasible with a strategy combining better diagnostics,drugs,and vaccines to detect and treat both latent and active infection.The availability of rapid and highly sensitive diagnostic tools(Gene-Xpert,TB-Quick)will vastly facilitate population-level identification of TB(including rifampicin resistance and through it,multi-drug-resistant TB).Basicresearch advances have illuminated molecular mechanisms in TB,including the protective role of Vitamin D.Also,Mycobacterium tuberculosis impairs the host immune response through epigenetic mechanisms(histone-binding modulation).Imaging will continue to be key,both for initial diagnosis and follow-up.We discuss advances in multiple imaging modalities to evaluate TB tissue changes,such as molecular imaging techniques(including pathogen-specific positron emission tomography imaging agents),non-invasive temporal monitoring,and computing enhancements to improve data acquisition and reduce scan times.Big data analysis and Artificial Intelligence(AI)algorithms,notably in the AI subfield called“Deep Learning”,can potentially increase the speed and accuracy of diagnosis.Additionally,Federated learning makes multi-institutional/multi-city AI-based collaborations possible without sharing identifiable patient data.More powerful hardware designs-e.g.,Edge and Quantum Computing-will facilitate the role of computing applications in TB.However,“Artificial Intelligence needs real Intelligence to guide it!”To have maximal impact,AI must use a holistic approach that incorporates time tested human wisdom gained over decades from the full gamut of TB,i.e.,key imaging and clinical parameters,including prognostic indicators,plus bacterial and epidemiologic data.We propose a similar holistic approach at the level of nation
基金Supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 52025073in part by the Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province under Grant BE2018107,and in part by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
文摘The main drawbacks of traditional finite set model predictive control are high computational load,large torque ripple,and variable switching frequency.A less complex deadbeat(DB)model predictive current control(MPCC)with improved space vector pulse-width modulation(SVPWM)under a single-phase open-circuit fault is proposed.The proposed method predicts the reference voltage vector in the a-β subspace by employing the deadbeat control principle on the machine predictive model;thus,the exhaustive exploration procedure is avoided to relieve the computational load.To perform the constant switching frequency operation and achieve better steady-state performance,a modified SVPWM strategy is developed with the same conventional structure,which modulates the reference voltage vector.This new approach is based on a redesigned and adjusted post-fault virtual voltage vector space distribution that eliminates the y-axis harmonic components in the x-y subspace and ensures the generation of symmetrical PWM pulses.Meanwhile,the combined merits of the DB,MPCC,and SVPWM methods are realized.To verify the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme,comparative experiments are performed on a five-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM)drive system.
文摘The current study investigates the toxic effects of acute dose of an endocrine disruptor atrazine on Grass carp (<em>Ctenepharyngodon idella</em>) using histopathological changes as biomarkers. Histopathology is promising field for research in aquatic toxicology, in this manner vital organs;brain, gills, and liver tissues were inspected histological after exposing to sublethal groupings of atrazine 0.025 and 0.03 μl/L for 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days individually with equal untreated control group. Against various doses, rapid movements, gulping of air and jumping of fish to scat from toxic medium were noticed. Various severe (+++) morphological modifications in tissue were documented in comparison with control group comprised of degenerated neurons, vacuolization, inflammatory cells infiltration and neural necrosis in brain tissue. The most well-known gills tissue alteration at all concentrations of atrazine was epithelial hyperplasia, desquamation, epithelial lifting and smaller aneurism while hepatic injuries were described by overcast expanding of hepatocytes esteemed as cloudy swelling of hepatocytes followed by karyolysis, karyohexis and dilation of sinusoids which shows that atrazine introduction upgraded the toxicosis impacts with the increase concentration, influenced the strength of the fish, inferable from histological inconsistencies.
文摘Repeatedly deposition of anthropogenic chemicals such as chlorpyrifos led to the risk of its associated unwanted toxicity to the non-targeted organisms. The present project was designed to assess the toxicity of chlorpyrifos, an organophosphorus insecticide, at different dose level and duration of exposure to elucidate its cellular and nuclear anomalies in erythrocytes and histopathological effect on brain and liver tissues of the fresh water fish (<em>Ctenopharyngodon idella</em>). The chlorpyrifos was used at 0.01 and 0.015 μL/L for a duration of 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days respectively. Alteration in functional markers such as cellular anomalies associated with exposed dosage was reported as swollen cells, swollen or enlarged cells, and hemolyzed cells followed by nuclear abnormalities stated as micronucleus, deformed nucleus and nuclear shift. The result indicated alterations observed in brain and liver tissues were categorized as necrosis, vacuolization, degeneration of neurons and hepatic necrosis, hepatolysis and hepatic vacuolization that were further scored on the basis of severity from 0 (normal) to 3 (severe). These effects significantly increased with the increase in dose level of chlorpyrifos and duration of exposure (p < 0.05). The present findings contributed that extended exposure of such chemicals to the aquatic ecosystems led to behavioral and histopathological alterations that may result in loss of normal functioning of the organs.
