Complexation extraction of p-aminophenol（PAP） with bis（2-ethylhexyl）phosphoric acid（P204）,tri-octylamine（TOA） or tri-butyl phosphate（TBP） was studied.The heat of reaction for each extraction was respectively...Complexation extraction of p-aminophenol（PAP） with bis（2-ethylhexyl）phosphoric acid（P204）,tri-octylamine（TOA） or tri-butyl phosphate（TBP） was studied.The heat of reaction for each extraction was respectively-9.20 kJ/mol,-5.57 kJ/mol,-3.47 kJ/mol.FTIR analysis of the organic phases showed that the extraction mechanism depended on the complexing agent.Lewis acidic complexing agent P204 and Lewis alkaline complexing agent TOA with alkaline functional group —NH2 and acidic functional group —OH of PAP respectively form complexes via ionic association,and neutral complexing agents TBP and TOA with group —OH of PAP via hydrogenbond association.A relationship between the extraction（reaction） enthalpy and the extraction mechanism was found.展开更多
The electroreduction process of nitrobenzene, which consists of a series of elementary processes, is a complicated reaction system. Besides p-aminophenol, some by-products, such as azoxybenzene, azobenzene and diamino...The electroreduction process of nitrobenzene, which consists of a series of elementary processes, is a complicated reaction system. Besides p-aminophenol, some by-products, such as azoxybenzene, azobenzene and diaminodiphenyl ether can also be produced in the process. These by-products which hardly dissolve in H2SO4 aqueous solution will adsorb and deposit on the surface of membrane material gradually and thus pollute the membrane material, which causes increases in bath voltages and decreases in current efficiency. In the paper, from the viewpoint of engineering application the fouling and cleaning processes of Nafion membrane in the direct electrochemical synthesis of p-aminophenol were investigated.In the process of direct electroreduction of nitrobenzene, the bath voltages and the current efficiency at different service times of Nafion membrane were measured, respectively.The fouling ratio of membrane and the cleaning degree of fouled membrane, characterized with bath voltage, were defined in this paper. Further, the fouling rate equation of Nafion membrane was presented.With the equation, the fouling rates and the fouling ratios of Nafion membrane at different service times could be calculated easily. Meanwhile, the bath voltages and the current efficiency at the different service times of Nafion membrane could be calculated easily as well. A kind of membrane cleaning agent consisting of anionic surfactants（AES,ABS and R-3）, nonionic surfactants（JFC,APG-10 and Tween-60）, isopropanol and water, was presented.When the fouled Nafion membrane was cleaned by the cleaning agent online for 2 h in the condition of （pH≈13）, 60 ℃ and 4 L·min-1 circulation velocity, the bath voltage,SEM morphologies of membrane and membrane resistances could be restored to those of the initial membrane basically.The cleaning degree of fouled membranes was still close to 1 after the cleaning agent was used for 5 times repeatedly, and the strength of rinsed membranes was still the same as that of the initial membrane.展开更多
文摘Complexation extraction of p-aminophenol（PAP） with bis（2-ethylhexyl）phosphoric acid（P204）,tri-octylamine（TOA） or tri-butyl phosphate（TBP） was studied.The heat of reaction for each extraction was respectively-9.20 kJ/mol,-5.57 kJ/mol,-3.47 kJ/mol.FTIR analysis of the organic phases showed that the extraction mechanism depended on the complexing agent.Lewis acidic complexing agent P204 and Lewis alkaline complexing agent TOA with alkaline functional group —NH2 and acidic functional group —OH of PAP respectively form complexes via ionic association,and neutral complexing agents TBP and TOA with group —OH of PAP via hydrogenbond association.A relationship between the extraction（reaction） enthalpy and the extraction mechanism was found.
文摘The electroreduction process of nitrobenzene, which consists of a series of elementary processes, is a complicated reaction system. Besides p-aminophenol, some by-products, such as azoxybenzene, azobenzene and diaminodiphenyl ether can also be produced in the process. These by-products which hardly dissolve in H2SO4 aqueous solution will adsorb and deposit on the surface of membrane material gradually and thus pollute the membrane material, which causes increases in bath voltages and decreases in current efficiency. In the paper, from the viewpoint of engineering application the fouling and cleaning processes of Nafion membrane in the direct electrochemical synthesis of p-aminophenol were investigated.In the process of direct electroreduction of nitrobenzene, the bath voltages and the current efficiency at different service times of Nafion membrane were measured, respectively.The fouling ratio of membrane and the cleaning degree of fouled membrane, characterized with bath voltage, were defined in this paper. Further, the fouling rate equation of Nafion membrane was presented.With the equation, the fouling rates and the fouling ratios of Nafion membrane at different service times could be calculated easily. Meanwhile, the bath voltages and the current efficiency at the different service times of Nafion membrane could be calculated easily as well. A kind of membrane cleaning agent consisting of anionic surfactants（AES,ABS and R-3）, nonionic surfactants（JFC,APG-10 and Tween-60）, isopropanol and water, was presented.When the fouled Nafion membrane was cleaned by the cleaning agent online for 2 h in the condition of （pH≈13）, 60 ℃ and 4 L·min-1 circulation velocity, the bath voltage,SEM morphologies of membrane and membrane resistances could be restored to those of the initial membrane basically.The cleaning degree of fouled membranes was still close to 1 after the cleaning agent was used for 5 times repeatedly, and the strength of rinsed membranes was still the same as that of the initial membrane.
